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integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and precise temperature gradient control,

3D printing technology enabled the realization of structural precision and functional

customization in hydrogel fabrication. Studies have shown that bovine serum albumin
(BSA) has a concentration-dependent gelation when heated close to or above its melting

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temperature at a pH far from its isoelectric point. Kaustubh Naik et al. incorporated
aloe vera (AV) into BSA and prepared the hydrogel by 3D printing technology. The

findings demonstrated that local application of this hydrogel effectively stimulates

collagen deposition, thereby promoting wound healing in diabetic patients increasing

VEGF expression, and improving the delivery of nutrients required for angiogenesis

and collagen synthesis. Based on a template replication and 3D printing strategy,

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Yuanjin Zhao et al. developed a novel type of biomimetic adaptive indwelling
microneedles, which consisted of adjustable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel needle

tips encapsulating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived exosomes, along with a

removable 3M medical tape serving as the supporting substrate. The results showed the
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clinical value in the treatment for diabetic complications. Chunmao Han et al. mixed

methylacrylylated gelatin (GelMA) with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and
loaded with the anti-inflammatory antioxidant curcumin (Cur) by 3D printing

technology to construct scaffolds with 85% porosity and increased cell survival to 92%.

Temperature-induced cross-linking method enabled the scaffold to be rapidly

fabricated at 37°C, while the interlayer bond strength of 3D printing technology was

improved by optimizing the temperature gradient (gradually increasing from 20°C to

37°C) to 2 times that of the traditional method, thereby significantly enhancing the

mechanical stability. Enhanced wound site bioelectrical stimulation was important for

enhancing the wound healing process, such as supporting regular collagen deposition

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and proper ECM remodeling. Peng Li et al. used 3D printing technology to develop
a customized antibacterial porous flexible electrode (APFE) hydrogel dressing that

combined the antibacterial properties of modified chitosan (CS) derivatives with

PEDOT: PSS (poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)): polystyrene sulfonic acid

conductivity. This electrical stimulation dressing enabled deliver exactly the right kind

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