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Table 1. Comparative analysis of crosslinking methods for 3D bioprinting hydrogels.

Method
Physical
Chemical
Enzymatic
Crosslinking
Crosslinking
Crosslinking
Crosslinking

Temperature
Crosslinking
Photoinitiators,
(HRP),Microbial
Agent/Condition
Chemical Reaction
Horseradish Peroxidase
Transglutaminase (mTG)
Schiff Base reaction, Click

Kinetics
architectures.
nozzle clogging.
Reversible gelation.
printing and complex
environmental control.
Printability & Gelation
High. Rapid, irreversible
Low to Moderate. Slower
gelation kinetics. Requires
Moderate. Requires precise
careful optimization to prevent
curing. Enables high-resolution

cytocompatibility.
degradation profiles.
specificity, occurs under
physiological conditions
(mild pH, temp), excellent
High bioorthogonality and

20 fidelity and stability, tunable properties, high structural Excellent mechanical transitions. for reversible sol-gel potential cytotoxicity, allows chemical crosslinkers and Biocompatible, avoids Advantages