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and fabricate complex three-dimensional porous architectures with customized pore

size, porosity, connectivity and spatial gradient distribution, thereby significantly

optimizing the mechanical properties, swelling behavior and material transport
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characteristics of hydrogels . More importantly, through multi-print head systems or
functionalized inks, it is possible to achieve on-demand distribution and targeted release

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of bioactive molecules in specific areas of three-dimensional space . This synergistic
regulation ability of physical structure and chemical microenvironment has greatly

enhanced the comprehensive performance of hydrogel scaffolds in managing exudate

at wound sites, maintaining appropriate moisture, promoting oxygen exchange, guiding

directional cell migration and infiltration, and releasing bioactive factors in a sequential

manner. Thus, it created a controlled, dynamic and tissue regenerative

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microenvironment for the healing of diabetic wounds. Hyun-Do Jung et al. developed
a 3D printed hydrogel by integrating marine-derived and marine-inspired materials, and

found that this marine-inspired material rapidly absorbed wound exudate while

maintaining mechanical stability during AI-assisted printing, protecting healing tissues

from deformation and promoting vascularized regeneration. Weini Chen et al. 69
developed a lemon-derived nanogelMA/DAS/Exo hydrogel dressing targeted to the

diabetic wound microenvironment and demonstrated that this hydrogel participated in

immunomodulation and promoted the regeneration of vascular and fibrous tissue on

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macrophages. He X et al. developed a 3D-patterned nanofiber/hydrogel core-shell
scaffold (3DPTP/GM) that promoted diabetic wound healing by enhancing

angiogenesis (Figure 6). Compared to 2D PDLLA nanofiber scaffolds, the 3D PTP/GM

scaffold showed 1.6 × higher porosity, 21 × longer water retention, and 1.9 × greater

water vapor permeability, significantly improving wound healing conditions. In vivo

results showed that 3DPTP/GM scaffolds not only effectively managed wound exudate,

but also significantly promoted the formation of 3D capillary network. Xianrui Xie et

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al. loaded adrenomedullin 1@chitosan (Epi1@CS) nanoparticles by electrospinning
polylactide-cotrimethylene carbonate (PLATMC) nanofibers and gelatin methacrylate

(GelMa) hydrogel. Thermoresponsive self-shrinking nanofiber/hydrogel (TSNH)

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