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polymerization properties. More importantly, the addition of GA significantly improved

the rheological properties of GelGA-GelMA bio-ink, ensuring the printability of
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customizable hydrogel scaffolds. Christopher R. Fellin and others conducted high-
precision 3D printing through DLP technology to construct complex bionic structures.

TA treatment used after printing could provide efficient ROS scavenging capacity

through phenolic hydroxyl groups and significantly enhance the mechanical properties

of the hydrogel, offering a scaffold solution that combines antioxidant protection and

customizable shapes for diabetic wound healing.

Studies have shown that excessive ROS accumulation disrupted macrophage

polarization by transforming M1 into M2 macrophages while inducing oxidative stress,

which collectively leaded to impaired phagocytosis and tissue necrosis. To address this

issue, researchers have explored enzyme-based ROS scavenging strategies and

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nanoenzymatic catalysts such as manganese dioxide, prussian blue, manganese-
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cobalt oxide, black phosphorus, 78,79 as well as catalase to degrade H2O2 while
producing oxygen. Meanwhile, black phosphorus, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs),

and DNA-based nanostructures can enhance the spatiotemporal control of 3D printed
hydrogels in therapeutic release and microenvironment regulation, improve their

mechanical properties, reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, and antibacterial

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activity, and further expand the functions of 3D printed hydrogels . In addition, the
repair of large-scale bone defects and incisions from gastrointestinal surgeries remains

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a clinical challenge. Yuting Chen et al. innovatively developed an antioxidant 3D
bioprinting M-Mn3O4@Gel by integrating M-Mn3O4 nanozyme into photocross-linked

GelMA. The incorporation of M-Mn3O4 not only enhanced the mechanical properties

of the nanocomposite hydrogel, The compressive modulus was 141.79% higher than

that of pure GelMA, and it maintains excellent 3D printing adaptability. At the same

time, it also has an efficient function of eliminating ROS. Gi surgical incisions similarly

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face an acidic environm-induced ROS burst. Gastro Shield et al. provided a new idea
for alleviating oxidative stress in diabetic wounds by blocking 95% of protease

permeation through modified polyethylene imine (PEI) with its buffering capacity and

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