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ensuring that the new tissue had sufficient mechanical strength and provided space for

subsequent cell infiltration and angiogenesis. 96,97 However, chronic hyperglycemia in

diabetic patients directly damaged the function of fibroblasts by activating the polyol
pathway and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which was

characterized by a significant decrease in migration ability, VEGF secretion, and

hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) stability, leading to angiogenesis disorders. More

seriously, reactive aldehydes produced by lipid peroxidation could covalently modify

collagen molecules to form cross-linked structures, which not only reduce the

bioavailability of collagen, but also disrupte ECM homeostasis by activating the

overexpression of MMPs. This double hit further impaired the migration ability of

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99
keratinocytes and delayed the re-epithelialization process. Mujiao Liang et al. used
recombinant human collagen methacrylate (RHCMA) and HA to form a 3D network

by UV light cross-linking and loaded with AgNPs. The porous structure of the network

mimics ECM, promoted fibroblast adhesion and migration, and collagen components

directly induce collagen deposition. Combined with its antibacterial properties, this

hydrogel established a microenvironment conducive to healing and accelerates wound
repair. Feifei Huang et al. 100 constructed a bovine dermal type I collagen bionic scaffold

loaded with overexpressed fibroblast growth factor (bFGF-mscs). This biomimetic

scaffold activated the HIF-1 signaling pathway through continuous release of bFGF,

promoted endothelial tube formation and fibroblast migration, and accelerated diabetic

wound healing by enhancing AKT phosphorylation and collagen deposition. Although

the scaffolds involved in this article are similar to hydrogels in terms of their porous

structure, biocompatibility and controllable release characteristics. The gastrointestinal

surgical incision will be affected by the acidic environment to destroy blood clots and

delay the formation of granulation tissue. Therefore, fibroblast growth factor can be

added to the hydrogel for repairing the gastrointestinal surgical incision to significantly

accelerate angiogenesis. 101 Jie Wang et al. 102 showed the chemical ligation method of

Spy was used to efficiently integrate IFN-α, activate the migration ability of fibroblasts

and up-regulate the expression of extracellular matrix proteins such as COL-1α and α-

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