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Arts & Communication Discrimination and dance students’ well-being

to the ethnic groups listed in Table 1, but given the small perceptions, and future competence expectancies. Open-
numbers in each group, this was not possible. However, it is ended questions exploring role models, ambitions, and
not uncommon to group individuals from different Global aspirations were also included in the final section of the
Majority backgrounds to identify, describe, and analyze survey.
common health and well-being impacts of racism and
discrimination across different racial and ethnic groups, 2.3.1. Personal Well-being Index – Adult
which can then inform intervention strategies. 16-18 The Personal Well-being Index (PWI) – Adult version
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Of the participants, 83.33% identified as female, 13.33% is a 7-item scale that addresses specific domains of life
as male, and 3.33% as non-binary. In terms of training satisfaction: health; standard of living; life achievement;
levels, 44.30% of the dance students were in their 1 year, personal relationships; personal safety; community-
st
44.97% in their second, and 10.74% in their 3 year. The connectedness; and future security. An example item is:
rd
participants had been training in dance for an average of “How satisfied are you with your personal relationships?”
11.70 ± 5.86 years and spent 20.25 ± 9.87 h every week Items are scored on a 10-point Likert scale from 1 (no
training at their college, with an additional 2.13 ± 2.87 h satisfaction at all) to 10 (completely satisfied). The
of training outside of college. The main training genres means of each item are summed and averaged to form
included jazz, ballet, commercials, and musical theater. a composite PWI variable, which in this study exhibited
good reliability (α = 0.84).
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A total of 14.67% of participants identified as disabled,
with the majority of disabilities listed relating to social 2.3.2. Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale
or behavioral issues (N = 9), mental health (N = 9), and The Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction (BPNS) Scale
33
difficulties with learning, concentrating, and remembering is a 21-item scale consisting of three subscales capturing
(N = 9). Less frequently reported disabilities included data on participants’ feelings of autonomy (e.g., “I generally
stamina or breathing difficulties (N = 3) and hearing feel free to express my ideas and opinions”), competence
impairment (N = 2), although 12 participants reported (e.g., “People I know tell me I am good at what I do”), and
more than one disability.
relatedness (e.g., “I consider the people I regularly interact
2.3. Measures with to be my friends”). It is scored on a 7-point Likert scale
from 1 (not at all true) to 7 (very true). Internal reliability
The online survey consisted of several validated was good for the competence (α = 0.73) and relatedness
questionnaires tapping life satisfaction, basic need (α = 0.85) scales; deletion of one item from the autonomy
satisfaction, body appreciation, discrimination, competence
scale yielded acceptable reliability (α = 0.70).
Table 1. Percentage of participants belonging to different 2.3.3. Body Appreciation Scale-2
ethnic groups
The short-form Body Appreciation Scale-2 is a 10-item
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Ethnic group Percentage scale tapping participants’ appreciation, acceptance, and
English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British 66.67 respect of their bodies. This scale was consciously chosen
Any other White background 4.67 to move away from traditional scales that focus on negative
Irish 1.33 aspects of body evaluation, an example item being, “I
African 0 appreciate the different and unique characteristics of my
body.” Items are scored on a Likert scale from 1 (never) to
Caribbean 2.67
5 (always). Responses are summed to create a composite
Any other Black/African/Caribbean/or Black British 3.33 body appreciation variable, which in the current study
background exhibited excellent reliability (α = 0.95).
White and Black Caribbean 2.67
White and Black African 6.67 2.3.4. Brief Perceived Ethnic Discrimination
Indian 0 Questionnaire-Community Version
Pakistani 0 The Brief Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-
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Bangladeshi 0 Community Version (PEDQ-CV) measures experiences
Chinese 1.33 of racial discrimination among students and community
groups. It consists of 17 items that measure five factors:
Any other Asian or Asian British background 2.67 Exclusion/rejection (e.g., “Because of your ethnicity/race,
White and Asian 2.67 how often have others ignored you or not paid attention to
Any other mixed/multiple background 5.33 you?”); stigmatization/devaluation (e.g., “Because of your

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 4 doi: 10.36922/ac.3165