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Table 7. Residual analysis of the machine learning models’ outputs
Model Training phase Testing phase
Maximum Minimum Mean Sum Maximum Minimum Mean Sum
SVM 0.0549 −0.041 0.006 0.454 0.0327 −0.022 0.004 0.140
GEP 0.0485 −0.078 −0.012 −0.862 0.0440 −0.043 −0.004 −0.146
MLP 0.0393 −0.052 −0.002 −0.140 0.0235 −0.028 0.002 0.086
MARS 0.0743 −0.090 −0.013 −0.902 0.0431 −0.071 −0.005 −0.191
Abbreviations: GEP: Gene expression programming; MARS: Multivariate adaptive regression splines; MLP: Multilayer perceptron;
SVM: Support vector machine.
A
B
Figure 5. Residual error variation of the machine learning models’ outcomes. (A) Training phase. (B) Testing
phase.
Abbreviations: GEP: Gene expression programming; MARS: Multivariate adaptive regression splines;
MLP: Multilayer perception; SVM: Support vector machine.
Volume 22 Issue 6 (2025) 84 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025120081
