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Groundwater quality assessment in Borana

Table 2. Methods and reagents used for chemical composition analysis using the ultraviolet‑visible
spectrophotometer

Parameter Test method Method Sample cell/ Reagent Test range*
number cup number (mg/L)
K + Tetraphenylborate 8049 2495402 Potassium 1 Reagent 1.0 – 70.0
Powder Pillow
Cu USEPA and 8506 2495402 CuVer® 1 Copper Reagent 0.04 – 5.00
1,2
2+
bicinchoninate method 3 Powder Pillow
Total Fe USEPA and FerroVer® 8008 2495402 FerroVer Iron Reagent 0.02 – 3.00
1
®
method 2
Mn 2+ USEPA and periodate 8034 2495402 Sodium Periodate and 0.1 – 20.0
1
oxidation method 2 Manganese powder pillows
Cr 6+ USEPA and 8023 2495402 ChromaVer 3 Chromium 0.010 – 0.700
1
®
1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide Reagent Powder Pillows
method 2
NO ⁻ Cadmium reduction 8039 2495402 NitraVer 5 Nitrate Reagent 0.3 – 30.0
®
3
Powder Pillow
NO₂⁻ USEPA diazotization 8507 2495402 NitriVer 3 Reagent Powder 0.002 – 0.300
®
method 1 Pillows
SO₄²⁻ USEPA and SulfaVer 4 8051 2495402 SulfaVer® 4 Reagent 2.0 – 70.0
1
method 2 Powder Pillows
PO₄ ⁻ Phosphomolybdate 10279 9418100 Phosphate Low Range 0.02 – 4.00
3
(ascorbic acid) method 1 Chemkey Reagents
®
F⁻ USEPA SPADNS method 1 8029 2495402 SPADNS Fluoride Reagent 0.02 – 2.00
AccuVac Ampuls
®
Notes: *The ranges given are for the pre-calibrated instrument readout. For sample sites where the concentrations of the parameters under
investigation exceeded the upper quantification limit of the analytical method, the samples were diluted with deionized water to reduce
the concentrations within the test range of the method.
Abbreviation: USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Table 3. The weight assigned to each parameter for GPI calculation in previous studies and the present
study

Parameter Berhe 12 Sanad et al. 13 Al‑Aizari et al. 18 Panneerselvam et al. 19 Ha et al. 32 Present study
TDS - 2 4 4 5 5
pH - 4 4 4 4 4
HCO₃⁻ 1 2 - 3 2 1
K + 2 3 1 - 2 2
Mg 2+ 3 3 2 2 3 3
Ca 2+ 3 3 2 2 3 3
TH - 3 4 - 4 4
SO₄²⁻ 5 4 5 4 5 5
NO₃⁻ 5 5 5 5 5 5
PO₄ ⁻ 1 4 - - - 1
3
Cu 2+ 2 - - - - 2
Total Fe 4 - - - - 4
F - 5 - - 4 - 5
Abbreviations: TDS: Total dissolved solids; TH: Total hardness.

Volume 22 Issue 1 (2025) 103 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025040023