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Sahu, et al.

Figure 5. Timeline of the evolution of soil management practices

Table 2. Case studies on soil traditional management practices conducted in Uttar Pradesh
Case Location Practice used Results achieved Observations References
study
1 Village Nagla, Crop rotation Increased soil fertility by 25%; Effective in enhancing 167
Aligarh reduced pest incidence by 30% soil nutrient balance and
pest control
2 Village Daryapur, Intercropping Boosted crop yields by 20%; Combined cultivation 168,169
Agra improved soil nutrient levels of legumes and cereals
by 15% optimized soil fertility
3 Village Sadabad, Organic Enhanced soil structure; Compost and green 170
Hathras manuring increased crop productivity by manure improved
35% moisture retention and
soil health
4 Village Kheri, Crop rotation + Reduced soil erosion by 40%; Integration of practices 117,171
Bulandshahr organic manuring improved nutrient cycling by led to significant soil
30% conservation and fertility
5 Village Traditional water Increased water retention by Techniques, like bunding 172
Rasoolpur, Etah conservation 25%; improved crop growth by and check dams, were
20% effective in semi-arid
conditions
6 Village Raebareli, Crop rotation Improved soil organic matter Rotation between 11
Raebareli by 30%; decreased soil salinity legumes and cereals
enhanced soil fertility
7 Village Mirzapur, Organic Increased soil moisture by Organic manure 173
Mirzapur manuring 20%; enhanced crop resilience application improved
soil texture and moisture
retention
8 Village Jalaun, Traditional water Reduced runoff by 30%; Traditional water 174
Jalaun conservation improved soil fertility management practices
were effective in
conserving water

rotation of rice with pulses, helps replenish soil nutrients essential nutrients and stimulating microbial activity,
118
and improve soil structure by breaking pest and disease which in turn supports sustainable agriculture. Studies
cycles. This practice has been demonstrated to increase have demonstrated that organic manure results in better
soil organic matter and nutrient availability, resulting in soil health and higher crop yields compared to chemical
119,120
improved crop yields. 48,117 Organic manuring, involving fertilizers.
the use of cow dung, compost, and other organic 4.3. The Terai region
materials, is integral to soil management in this region. The Terai region, characterized by its heavy, clayey
Organic manures enhance soil fertility by providing soils and high water table, employs unique traditional

Volume 22 Issue 2 (2025) 8 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025060035