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Anser, et al.

Table 3. Arellano–Bond serial correlation growth, and resilience to external shocks. Countries
estimates with energy security are better positioned to manage

Test m‑ Rho S.E. (rho) Prob. their water resources effectively. 47
order statistic As the global population continues to grow,
AR (1) −0.006 −306886.996 48696645.623 0.995 intelligent water resource management becomes
AR (2) NA 11900.195 NA NA increasingly crucial. To meet rising demand, nations
must prioritize water balance – ensuring that water
Source: Author’s estimate. supply aligns with consumption needs. This includes
Abbreviations: AR: Autocorrelation; Prob.: Probability;
S.E.: Standard error. strategies such as optimizing agricultural irrigation,
promoting water reuse, and encouraging conservation
The GMM methodology employs the Arellano– practices. These approaches help reduce water waste
Bond tests for autocorrelation (AR) (1) and AR (2) and improve efficiency, thereby aiding efforts to meet
serial correlation to assess model validity. Under the population-driven water demand. 48
null hypothesis of no autocorrelation, the test results The condition of global water supplies is directly
indicate that the AR(1) probability value is 0.995. tied to population trends. As water sources come
Therefore, at the 5% significance level, the null under increasing stress, protecting both human
hypothesis is not rejected, confirming the absence of health and ecosystems requires a strong emphasis
first-order autocorrelation in the model. on maintaining water quality. Adequate wastewater
treatment and pollution control are especially important
5. Discussion in densely populated regions that are more vulnerable
to contamination. Sustaining a growing population
49
Integrating water pollution control with water resource demands adequate water resources for agriculture,
planning is recommended to ensure water resource domestic use, and industrial activity. However,
management that is both socially and economically uncontrolled POPG can lead to the overexploitation
beneficial. Improved WS regulation can yield long- of water resources, aquifer depletion, and ecosystem
44
term economic benefits. When government agencies fail degradation. Comprehensive land reforms are therefore
essential to ensuring a sustainable water supply in the
to coordinate water resource management effectively, face of continued population pressure. Such reforms
institutions may become fragmented. This fragmentation should include proper land-use planning to strategically
can lead to wasted resources, conflicting strategies, and allocate land among agricultural, industrial, and
unnecessary duplication of efforts, leading to inefficient urban uses. Promoting sustainable, water-efficient
50
water management. agriculture and incorporating water-sensitive design
Streamlining water resource planning and eliminating into urban planning are key strategies for effective long-
legislative inefficiencies can help nations improve both term water resources management.
water consumption and cost management. Disjointed The impact of CROP on WS governance is closely
45
water resource institutions may also deter businesses tied to the agricultural sector, which is a major water
and investors. Inconsistent policies and regulatory consumer in many countries. As CROP increases,
uncertainty can restrict investment in water-dependent so does the demand for irrigation water. This rising
industries, ultimately slowing economic growth. By need places additional pressure on water supplies,
contrast, a more efficient governmental response to particularly in arid regions. The cultivation of crops
water shortages can produce positive financial impacts. can exacerbate water shortage; therefore, nations must
First, improved water governance can optimize water prioritize environmentally sustainable farming practices.
use across sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, Adopting water-saving irrigation methods – such as drip
and domestic consumption. Efficient resource utilization irrigation – can assist in optimizing water consumption
enhances productivity and supports overall economic and reducing water wastage. Agricultural planning
51
growth. Second, better water shortage management and crop selection based on local water availability
46
may stabilize the economy and attract greater investment. and climatic conditions can further enhance water-use
Businesses are more likely to invest in regions where efficiency. Environmentally, agricultural production has
water resources are reliable, contributing to job creation significant implications for WS governance. In regions
and broader economic development. Investments in already experiencing soil desiccation and severe WS
renewable energy also support innovation, economic due to global warming and decreasing precipitation,

Volume 22 Issue 2 (2025) 146 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025090057