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Advanced Neurology                                                    ESUS, atrial fibrillation, and recurrence



            Funding                                               2022;29(3):393-402.

            None.                                                 doi: 10.5551/jat.61895
                                                               5.   Veltkamp R, Pearce LA, Korompoki E, et al. Characteristics
            Conflict of interest                                  of recurrent ischemic stroke after  embolic stroke of
            The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  undetermined source: Secondary analysis of a randomized
                                                                  clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(10):1233-1240.
            Author contributions                                  doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1995

            Conceptualization:  Luca Masotti, Elisa Grifoni, Alessia   6.   Leventis I, Perlepe K, Sagris D,  et al. Characteristics and
               Baglini                                            outcomes of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
            Formal analysis: Luca Masotti                         according to stroke severity. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(8):866-871.
            Investigation: All authors                            doi: 10.1177/1747493020909546
            Methodology: Luca Masotti, Elisa Grifoni, Alessia Baglini
            Writing – original draft: Luca Masotti             7.   Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D,  et al. Prevalence and
                                                                  overlap of potential embolic sources in patients with
            Writing – review & editing:  Luca Masotti, Elisa Grifoni,   embolic stroke of undetermined source. J Am Heart Assoc.
               Alessia Baglini                                    2019;8(15):e012858.

            Ethics approval and consent to participate            doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012858
            The study was approved by the Comitato Etico Regionale   8.   Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Milionis H, et al. Embolic strokes
            per  la Sperimentazione  Clinica  della Regione Toscana   of undetermined source in the Athens stroke registry: An
            Sezione AREA VASTA CENTRO (protocol code: E2AF        outcome analysis. Stroke. 2015;46(8):2087-2093.
            Study). All patients gave their informed consent to      doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009334
            participate in this study.                         9.   Rubiera M, Aires A, Antonenko K, et al. European stroke
                                                                  organisation (ESO) guideline on screening for subclinical
            Consent for publication                               atrial fibrillation after stroke or transient ischaemic attack of
            All patients involved in the study gave their written and/or   undetermined origin. Eur Stroke J. 2022;7(3):6.
            verbal consent to publish their data.                 doi: 10.1177/23969873221099478
            Availability of data                               10.  Schnabel RB, Haeusler KG, Healey JS,  et al. Searching
                                                                  for atrial fibrillation poststroke: A  white paper of the
            Data used are available on a database which can be    AF-SCREEN international collaboration.  Circulation.
            requested to the corresponding author.                2019;140(22):1834-1850.

            References                                            doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040267
                                                               11.  Dilaveris PE, Antoniou CK, Caiani EG, et al. ESC Working
            1.   Hart  RG,  Catanese  L,  Perera  KS,  Ntaios  G,  Connolly  SJ.   Group on e-Cardiology Position Paper: Accuracy and
               Embolic  stroke  of undetermined  source:  A  systematic   reliability of electrocardiogram monitoring in the detection
               review and clinical update. Stroke. 2017;48(4):867-872.
                                                                  of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients: In
               doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016414                  collaboration with the Council on Stroke, the European
                                                                  Heart Rhythm Association, and the Digital Health
            2.   Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S,  et al. 2021   Committee. Eur Heart J Digit Health. 2022;3(3):341-358.
               guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with
               stroke and transient ischemic attack: A guideline from the      doi: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztac026
               American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.   12.  Masotti L, Grifoni E. Clinical predictive scores for detection
               Stroke. 2021;52(7):e364-e467.
                                                                  of sub-clinical atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic or embolic
               doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000375                  stroke of undetermined source: A brief systematic review.
                                                                  Brain Heart. 2023;1(2):0955.
            3.   Diener HC, Easton JD, Hart RG, Kasner S, Kamel H, Ntaios G.
               Review and update of the concept of embolic stroke of      doi: 10.36922/bh.095
               undetermined source. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(8):455-465.
                                                               13.  Diener HC, Hankey GJ, Easton JD, Lip GYH, Hart RG,
               doi: 10.1038/s41582-022-00663-4                    Caso V. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants for secondary
                                                                  stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation.  Eur
            4.   Toi S, Shirai Y, Ishizuka K, et al. Recurrent stroke incidence
               and etiology in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined   Heart J Suppl. 2020;22(Suppl 1):I13-I21.
               source and other stroke subtypes.  J  Atheroscler Thromb.      doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa104


            Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024)                         6                         https://doi.org/10.36922/an.2287
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