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Advanced Neurology Cerebrovascular pathology biomarkers in post-COVID-19 patients

Table 2. Gender characteristics in the serum level of biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients from
the experimental group and the comparison group
Indicator (pg/mL) Experimental group Comparison group
♂ ♀ ♂ ♀
Before treatment
IL-6 0.97±0.08 a 0.96±0.09 a 0.835±0.05 0.714±0.05 d
ET-1 1.38±0.21 a 0.81±0.08 ad 0.39±0.07 0.34±0.03
VEGF-A 38.38±7.68 a 43.11±7.60 a 23.58±4.83 18.27±3.34
After treatment
IL-6 0.77±0.07 b 0.95±0.10 acd 0.75±0.04 b 0.67±0.02 cd
ET-1 0.25±0.03 ab 0.94±0.08 acd 0.53±0.08 0.22±0.04 bcd
VEGF-A 15.18±4.83 b 27.41±6.60 abc 13.02±5.06 b 11.53±3.32 b
Notes: Results are presented as mean±SD . P<0.05 when comparing indicators of the respective gender of the experimental group and the comparison
a
group before treatment; P<0.05 when comparing the indicators of the respective gender of the experimental group after and before treatment and
b
the comparison group after and before treatment; P<0.05 when comparing the indicators of the respective gender of the experimental group and the
c
comparison group after treatment; P<0.05 when comparing the indicators of the male and female gender in the experimental group or the comparison
d
group
Abbreviations: ET-1: Endothelin-1; IL-6: Interleukin-6; VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor A.

Figure 5. The concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), endothelin-1
Figure 4. The concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), endothelin-1 (ET-1), (ET-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in the blood
and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in the blood serum serum of patients after treatment based on the severity (mild, moderate,
of patients before the treatment based on the severity (mild, moderate, or or severe) of COVID-19 infection 1 – 1.5 years earlier
severe) of COVID-19 infection 1 – 1.5 years earlier Notes: P < 0.05 when comparing indicators of mild and moderate forms
a
Notes: P < 0.05 when comparing indicators of mild and moderate forms of COVID-19; P < 0.05 when comparing indicators of mild and severe
a
b
of COVID-19; P < 0.05 when comparing indicators of moderate and forms of COVID-19.
c
severe forms of COVID-19.
in patients with a history of mild and partially moderate
indicate compensatory angiogenesis, and an increase COVID-19 infection. The levels of ET-1 and VEGF-A
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in the serum level of VEGF-A itself as a biomarker of decreased twofold in patients in the experimental group
endothelial activation. Limited studies have measured with mild and moderate COVID-19 infection, in contrast
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ET-1 in COVID-19 patients. Elevated levels of ET-1 have to those with severe infection. Only 58% of patients in
been detected in the plasma of patients hospitalized due the experimental group were vaccinated at the beginning
to COVID-19 infection. ET-1 concentrations were of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and still contracted
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significantly elevated in both long-term COVID cases and a COVID-19, similar to unvaccinated patients. No positive
subset of cases compatible with myalgic encephalomyelitis/ effect of vaccination on the predominance of mild
chronic fatigue syndrome compared to healthy controls. 25,26 COVID-19 infection in vaccinated patients compared to
The effect of 2-week therapy, depending on the severity unvaccinated patients was found (Table 3).
(mild, moderate, or severe) of COVID-19 experienced At present, the scientific community does not have
1–1.5 years earlier, is presented in Figure 5. a consensus regarding the effectiveness of vaccination
Interestingly, the pharmacological treatment led to against COVID-19 for people with existing long-term
a significant improvement in the endothelial condition symptoms of the disease. To date, it has only been reliably
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Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 5 doi: 10.36922/an.2878