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Advanced Neurology Cerebrovascular pathology biomarkers in post-COVID-19 patients

(by 20%), ET-1 (by 200%), and VEGF-A (by 100%). Availability of data
The effectiveness of a 2-week therapeutic intervention
in patients was found only for VEGF-A. Data used in this work are available from the corresponding
(ii) The mild COVID-19 infection had the most author upon reasonable request.
significant impact on the endothelial system of References
patients, as evidenced by increased levels of ET-1 and
VEGF-A compared to moderate and severe infections. 1. Siegler JE, Dasgupta S, Abdalkader M, et al. Cerebrovascular
After 2 weeks of therapy, the levels of these indicators disease in COVID-19. Viruses. 2023;15(7):1598.
decreased twofold in the patients in the experimental doi: 10.3390/v15071598
group with mild and moderate COVID-19 infections, 2. Kempuraj D, Aenlle KK, Cohen J, et al. COVID-19 and
in contrast to the severe infection. long COVID: Disruption of the neurovascular unit,
(iii) No positive effect of vaccination on the predominance blood-brain barrier, and tight junctions. Neuroscientist.
of mild COVID-19 infection in vaccinated patients 2023:10738584231194927.
compared to unvaccinated patients was found, based doi: 10.1177/10738584231194927
on the tested indicators of the cytokine inflammatory
response and endothelial dysfunction. However, the 3. Crunfli F, Carregari VC, Veras FP, et al. Morphological,
serum levels of ET-1 and VEGF-A in unvaccinated cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection
in COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
patients exceeded those of vaccinated patients. 2022;119(35):e2200960119.
Complex therapy for 2 weeks significantly reduced this
difference. A similar effect of treatment was established doi: 10.1073/pnas.2200960119
for people who did not experience COVID-19. 4. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic manifestations
of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in
Acknowledgments Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-690.
None. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127

Funding 5. Lindsberg PJ, Grau AJ. Inflammation and infections as risk
factors for ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34:2518-2532.
None. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000089015.51603.CC

Conflict of interest 6. Merkler AE, Parikh NS, Mir S, et al. Risk of ischemic stroke
in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. patients with influenza. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(11):1-7.

Author contributions doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730
Conceptualization: Vladyslav Mishchenko 7. Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 binds platelet
Investigation: Victoria Sokolik, Victoria V. Bokatueva ACE2 to enhance thrombosis in COVID-19. J Hematol
Oncol. 2020;13:120.
Methodology: Victoria Sokolik
Writing – original draft: Victoria Sokolik doi: 10.1186/s13045-020-00954-7
Writing – review & editing: Vladyslav Mishchenko 8. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell
infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet.
Ethics approval and consent to participate 2020;395:1417-1418.
The Committee on Ethics and Deontology at the Institute doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5
of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the National 9. Page EM, Ariëns RAS. Mechanisms of thrombosis and
Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, at meeting No. 12 cardiovascular complications in COVID-19. Thromb Res.
dated December 15, 2023, approved the study as meeting 2021;200:1-8.
the moral and ethical norms specified in the Helsinki
Declaration of Human Rights, the Council of Europe doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.01.005
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, and 10. Resolution of the telebridge Medical rehabilitation of
relevant laws of Ukraine. The involved patients provided patients with Long COVID, Kyiv, Ukraine; 2021.
written informed consent to participate in the study. 11. Giannitrapani L, Mirarchi L, Amodeo S, et al. Can baseline
IL-6 levels predict Long COVID in subjects hospitalized for
Consent for publication SARS-CoV-2 disease? Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1731.
Not applicable. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021731

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 7 doi: 10.36922/an.2878