Page 167 - EJMO-9-1

Eurasian Journal of Medicine
and Oncology

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Unveiling the molecular complexities of

cardiovascular diseases: Insights into signaling
proteins and therapeutic targets

Emad Fadhal *
1,2
1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Ahsa,
Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville,
South Africa

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a range of conditions affecting
the cardiovascular system, including complications such as heart attacks and
hypertension. As a leading global health concern and the primary contributor to
mortality worldwide, understanding the mechanisms underlying CVD is critical due
to its profound impact on individuals and society. This study explores the intricate
landscape of CVD, focusing on key signaling proteins associated with heart attacks and
hypertension. The findings highlight nine proteins (transforming growth factor beta 1,
apolipoprotein E, nitric oxide synthase 3, plasminogen activator-tissue, interleukin 6,
tumor necrosis factor, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, matrix metalloproteinase 9,
*Corresponding author:
Emad Fadhal and angiotensinogen) that are commonly implicated in pathways linked to these
(efadhal@kfu.edu.sa) conditions, playing essential roles in physiological processes and contributing to the
Citation: Fadhal E. Unveiling pathogenesis of CVD. In addition, the study emphasizes the significance of oncogenes
the molecular complexities of and tumor suppressor genes in cardiovascular signaling pathways, identifying
cardiovascular diseases: Insights androgen receptor (AR), guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating
into signaling proteins and (GNAS), and tumor protein p53 as critical contributors. Dysregulation of AR is linked
therapeutic targets. Eurasian J Med
Oncol. 2025;9(1):159-167. to hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, underscoring its potential as a
doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8086 therapeutic target. Similarly, GNAS mutations disrupt signal transduction, impair
Received: December 20, 2024 heart function, and contribute to arteriosclerosis and hypertension. By examining the
interplay between signaling proteins, oncogenes, and suppressor genes, this study
Revised: January 9, 2025
offers valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms driving CVD. The identified
Accepted: January 15, 2025 targets provide promising opportunities for future studies aimed at developing
Published online: January 28, targeted therapies for CVD.
2025
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Signaling proteins; Heart attacks; Hypertension;
This is an Open-Access article
distributed under the terms of the Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; Therapeutic targets
Creative Commons Attribution
License, permitting distribution,
and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is
properly cited. 1. Introduction
Publisher’s Note: AccScience Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a wide spectrum of disorders affecting
Publishing remains neutral with the heart and vascular and remains the primary cause of mortality worldwide. These
1
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional disorders include coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, valvular heart diseases, and
affiliations heart failure. Cardiovascular conditions can result from genetic predispositions, lifestyle

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2025) 159 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8086