Page 170 - EJMO-9-1

Eurasian Journal of Medicine and
Oncology
Key signaling proteins in cardiovascular disease

play important roles in the CVD pathway. 31-33 Understanding extensively studied in genetics and medicine. This study
the functions and dysregulation of these genes is crucial in identified several key proteins, including transforming
comprehending the underlying mechanisms of various growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), apolipoprotein E (APOE),
cardiovascular disorders. As shown in Table 3, proteins nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), plasminogen activator-
identified as successful therapeutic targets accounted for the tissue type (PLAT), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis
highest percentage at 9%, while apoptosis-related proteins factor (TNF), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B),
and oncogenes each contributed 1.8%. In addition, tumor matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and angiotensinogen
suppressor genes were associated with 0.9% of the proteins, (AGT) (Table 4). These proteins have been associated with
highlighting their role in CVD pathways. several important functions, including inflammation,
cardiovascular health, neurodegeneration, and overall
3.3. Investigating common functions of proteins disease risk.
involved in CVD pathways
Among the proteins analyzed, approximately 55.5%
Proteins commonly found in CVD pathways play important (5 proteins) were determined to be essential, and another
functions in diverse biological processes and have been 55.5% (5 proteins) were involved in signaling. In addition,

Table 2. Distribution of proteins associated with growth regulation and MAPK cascade signaling, encompassing both positive
and negative signals
Categorization of pathways in CVDs Essential Signaling Growth Cell cycle MAPK cascade Positive signaling Negative signaling
Heart attacks 8 (31%) 10 (38%) 3 (11.5%) 2 (7.6%) 6 (30%) 6 (30%) 2 (7.6%)
Hypertension 11 (13%) 15 (18%) 6 (7%) 5 (5.9%) 7 (8.3%) 7 (8.3%) 7 (8.3%)
Average percentage 19 (17%) 25 (22.7%) 9 (8%) 7 (6.3%) 13 (11.8%) 13 (11.8%) 9 (8%)
Abbreviations: CVDs: Cardiovascular diseases; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Table 3. Distribution of proteins associated with programmed cell death (positive and negative), oncogene activation, and tumor
suppresion
Categorization of Programmed Positive Negative Oncogenes Tumor suppressor Successful
pathways in CVDs cell death signaling signaling genes therapeutic target
Heart attacks 1 (3.8%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (15.3%)
Hypertension 1 (1.1%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (2.3%) 1 (1.1%) 6 (7.1%)
Average percentage 2 (1.8%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (1.8%) 1 (0.9%) 10 (9%)

Table 4. Distribution of proteins commonly found in the CVD pathway
Categorization of Common Essential Signaling Growth Cell MAPK Positive Negative Apoptosis Successful
pathways in CVDs proteins cycle cascade signaling signaling therapeutic target
Heart attacks, TGF-β1         
hypertension
APOE         
NOS3         
PLAT         
IL6         
TNF         
GSK3B         
MMP9         

AGT         
Abbreviations: AGT: Angiotensinogen; APOE: Apolipoprotein E; CVDs: Cardiovascular diseases; GSK3B: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta;
IL6: Interleukin 6; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP9: Matrix metalloproteinase 9; NOS3: Nitric oxide synthase 3; PLAT: Plasminogen
activator-tissue type; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2025) 162 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8086