Page 171 - EJMO-9-1

Eurasian Journal of Medicine and
Oncology
Key signaling proteins in cardiovascular disease

22.2% (2 proteins) were associated with growth, 22.2% biology. TGF-β1 is involved in regulating cell growth,
(2 proteins) were linked to the cell cycle, 33.3% (3 proteins) differentiation, and embryonic development, with
participated in the MAPK cascade, 33.3% (3 proteins) variations linked diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular
played a role in positive signaling, 22.2% (2 proteins) were disorders, and autoimmune diseases. 34-37 APOE plays a
involved in negative signaling, and 11.1% (1 protein) were pivotal role in lipid metabolism and transport, with genetic
related to apoptosis. Furthermore, 33.3% (3 proteins) variations linked to disorders including Alzheimer’s disease,
demonstrated potential as successful therapeutic targets. CVDs, and neurodegenerative conditions. 38-40 NOS3 acts
These results underscore an important concentration of as a critical signaling molecule involved in blood vessel
proteins in zone 1 of the CVD pathway, highlighting their relaxation and cardiovascular health and its variations are
potential as targets for drug discovery. implicated in hypertension, coronary heart disease, and
other cardiac conditions. PLAT plays a significant role in
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4. Discussion the breakdown of blood clots, and variations in this gene
Previous research has shed light on the significance of have been associated with thrombotic disorders, stroke,
PPI in comprehending cellular functions and identifying MI, and other CVDs. 41,42 IL6 plays a key role in immune
potential therapeutic targets. To further investigate this, responses and various biological processes, with aberrant
this study specifically explores the intricate relationship levels and genetic variations linked to a diverse array of
between PPIs and CVD. The focus is on zone 1, a protein- diseases, including chronic inflammation, autoimmune
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rich area associated with diverse cellular functions. By disorders, and certain cancers. TNF gene encodes tumor
mapping 374 proteins in zone 1 to those implicated in necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine critical to inflammatory
CVD, an analysis was conducted on their involvement and immune responses, with variations implicated in
in various pathways associated with heart attacks and numerous diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis,
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hypertension, as presented in Table 1. inflammatory bowel diseases, and lung inflammation.
GSK3B plays a crucial role in various cellular processes
The ultimate aim of this study is to gain a deeper and signaling pathways, with dsregulation linked to
understanding of the specific functions performed by neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, cancer, and
these proteins. Heart attacks and hypertension are closely psychiatric conditions. MMP9 is involved in extracellular
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linked, sharing common risk factors and underlying matrix remodeling and tissue homeostasis, and altered
mechanisms. Understanding the relationship between activity has been observed in diseases such as cancer
these two conditions is vital for healthcare professionals metastasis, CVDs, and neuroinflammatory disorders. 47,48
to develop effective treatment strategies and preventive Finally, AGT encodes angiotensinogen, a precursor
measures. Therefore, the identification of key proteins is protein involved in the renin-angiotensin cascade, which
crucial for understanding the mechanisms that underlie is responsible for blood pressure regulation. Variations in
both heart attacks and hypertension. By pinpointing this gene have been implicated in hypertension, CVDs,
these pivotal proteins, intricate pathways involved in and renal disorders. 49,50
these cardiovascular conditions can be unraveled. This Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play a significant
knowledge will serve as the foundation for developing role in influencing the CVD pathway. A substantial body
targeted interventions and therapeutic strategies to of research has demonstrated the impact of these genes
mitigate the impact of heart attacks and hypertension,
ultimately advancing the field of cardiovascular medicine. on the development of CVDs, particularly in pathways
associated with hypertension. This study identified AR,
This study revealed a significant finding regarding GNAS, and TP53 as critical genes with significant roles
the prevalence of signaling proteins across diverse CVD in CVD pathways. The AR is a key gene implicated in
pathways, contributing to approximately 25% of the overall CVDs. Dysregulation of AR signaling has been shown
distribution (Table 2). In addition, nine proteins were to lead to detrimental effects on the cardiovascular
identified as commonly involved in both heart attacks system, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and
and hypertension pathways. These proteins have garnered heart failure. AR activation has been linked to increased
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considerable research interest due to their involvement vascular tone, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which
in critical physiological mechanisms and their potential contribute to the advancement of CVDs. On the other
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implications in diseases ranging from cardiovascular hand, AR inhibition has demonstrated positive impacts,
disorders to neurodegenerative conditions. The importance such as reducing blood pressure and mitigating vascular
of nine specific genes, namely TGFB1, APOE, NOS3, PLAT, remodeling. Understanding the specific mechanisms
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IL6, TNF, GSK3B, MMP9, and AGT, is demonstrated by which AR influences CVD could pave the way for
by highlighting their roles in different aspects of human targeted therapeutic interventions. GNAS is another

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2025) 163 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8086