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Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Vitamin D and HNC: Causal association
Figure 4. Scatterplot for the causal relationship between Vitamin D levels and head-and-neck cancer
Figure 5. Leave-one-out analysis for the association of Vitamin D levels with head-and-neck cancer
risk. Furthermore, MVMR analysis revealed that this A nested case–control study was conducted among male
causal relationship was independent of the effects of ever- smokers in Finland to examine the relationship between
smoking and alcohol consumption. blood 25(OH)D levels and HNC risk in the context of alpha-
Previous studies on whether Vitamin D levels affect tocopherol and beta-carotene. The study included 340
HNC occurrences have revealed inconsistent results. 5,12-15 HNC cases and 340 controls and used conditional logistic
Volume 9 Issue 2 (2025) 194 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.7099
