Page 46 - GHES-1-1

Global Health Econ Sustain Resilience, income, artists, COVID-19

v. The ten-item Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale totals, and composite variables. To determine the relative
(pre-CD-RISC-10) emphasizing “prior-to-pandemic impact experienced by participants, items reflecting
resilience,” phrased as applicable before the onset of stimulating and inhibiting art activities were ranked
the pandemic, for example, “Able to adapt to change separately based on their means.
before the pandemic.” Resilience scores before and during the pandemic were
vi. Twenty-six art activity items that captured the compared using the paired t-test, and the effect size was
experienced impact of the pandemic on participants’ calculated using Cohen’s delta with Hedge’s correction.
a) commitment to art activities; b) productivity in One-way analysis of variance was used to examine
their art activities; c) social connection; d) engagement associations between descriptive categories, resilience,
in their art activities; e) financial implications; and, and composite variables for stimulating and inhibiting
f) perceived changes in their art activities. art activities. The relationships between resilience and the

The questionnaire addressed variables for categories composite variables were examined using linear regression
4 – 6 above in 46 items. These were phrased in Likert-scale analysis. Fisher’s exact test was performed to compare the
format, ranging from one “not true at all” to five “true income of participants before and during the pandemic.
nearly all the time,” except for the CD-RISC-10 scored In all statistical testing, the alpha value was set at 0.05. The
conventionally from zero to four. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26 was
used for the statistical analyses.
The 46-item questionnaire was categorized sequentially
as follows: Current resilience (items 1 – 10); resilience 2.4. Ethics approval
before the pandemic (items 11 – 20); questions relating
to artistic activities (items 21 – 46). The artistic activities Written informed consent to participate in the study
questions were then sub-categorized into stimulating (18 was obtained from each participant using an informed
items) and inhibiting (8 items) impacts. consent document designed specifically for this study
and approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Ethics
These items were further categorized as follows: approval was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences
i. Productivity in art activities (4 items, e.g., “Have been Research Ethics Committee, and the study was performed
more productive artistically due to the pandemic”). in accordance with the 2013 version of the Declaration of
ii. Commitment to art activities: Stimulating (5 items Helsinki.
e.g., “Have spent more time in art activities due to
the pandemic”) and inhibiting (4 items, e.g., “Have 3. Results
difficulty initiating or getting going with art activities 3.1. Descriptive features
due to the pandemic”). A total of 109 artists completed the survey. Their
iii. Social connection and engagement in art activities: demographic characteristics are presented in Table 1,
Stimulating (5 items, e.g., “Found new ways of which includes information on participants’ age, gender,
collaborating with others in art activities due to the main art field, art domain, highest qualification, and
pandemic”) and inhibiting (3 items, e.g., “Been feeling employment status. The majority of participants were self-
lonely in my art activities due to the pandemic”). employed, female, with a postgraduate qualification in the
iv. New artistic ways and modalities (3 items, e.g., “Have performing arts.
ventured into new modalities or ways of doing art
activities due to the pandemic”). 3.2. Resilience
v. Financial implications (2 items, e.g., “Have been using Table 2 presents the mean scores for resilience before
art activities in new ways to address financial pressures and during the pandemic. There was a statistically highly
due to the pandemic”).
significant decrease (t-test = 7.631; p < 0.001) of 4.82 (95%
Composite scores for items in each of these categories CI = 3.57 – 6.07) in the mean resilience scores before and
were derived by summation as follows: during the pandemic.
• Resultant impact = The cumulative scores of inhibiting There were no statistically significant differences in
impacts were subtracted from that of stimulating resilience scores based on gender, art fields, art domains of
impacts. activity, years since obtaining a first tertiary qualification in
an art discipline, employment status, or income before the
2.3. Statistical analysis pandemic. Resilience scores before the pandemic were not
Means and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals statistically significant when considering qualifications and
(CI) were calculated for each Likert-scale item, instrument income. However, during the pandemic, participants with

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 3 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.0911