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Global Health Econ Sustain Resilience, income, artists, COVID-19

Table 8. Frequency table of average monthly income during COVID pandemic versus 2019
Average monthly Income category During 2019 (before the pandemic) Total
gross income *ZAR 5 ZAR 5 000 – ZAR 15 000 – ZAR 30 000 – ZAR 50 000 – More than
(before tax) 000 or less ZAR 15 000 ZAR 30 000 ZAR 50 000 ZAR 75 000 ZAR 75 000

During the past *ZAR 5 000 or less 15 9 2 0 0 1 27
6 months of the ZAR 5 000 – ZAR 15 000 3 8 21 3 2 0 37
pandemic
ZAR 15 000 – ZAR 30 000 0 1 9 6 1 0 17
ZAR 30 000 – ZAR 50 000 0 1 2 12 3 0 18
ZAR 50 000 – ZAR 75 000 0 0 1 2 3 0 6
More than ZAR 75 000 1 0 0 0 1 2 4
Total 19 19 35 23 10 3 109
Note: *Fisher’s exact test = 98.193; p < 0.001; ZAR: South African rand, the South African currency.

Table 9. Resilience and financial concerns
Independent Dependent variable Unstandardized Standard Standardized Test Significance
variable coefficient (B) error coefficient (β) statistic (t) (p)
Resilience Have been using art activities in new ways to 0.009 0.020 0.042 0.433 0.666
before the address financial pressures due to the pandemic
pandemic Financial concerns due to the pandemic have −0.067 0.020 −0.306 −3.314 <0.001**
made me apprehensive in doing art activities
Resilience Have been using art activities in new ways to 0.025 0.017 0.144 1.493 0.138
during the address financial pressures due to the pandemic
pandemic Financial concerns due to the pandemic have −0.077 0.016 −0.417 −4.719 <0.001**
made me apprehensive in doing art activities
Note: **Highly statistically significant (p<0.01).

The first investigated online expressive writing as a tool and found that age and education were significantly
for improving resilience (Bechard et al., 2021). The associated with resilience. There is little research evidence
second explored psychological well-being and physical of resilience in the arts domain, particularly during the
activity among older adults (Carriedo et al., 2020). Other pandemic. Kegelaers et al. (2021) reported resilience scores
COVID-19 resilience studies using the Connor-Davidson of 36.9 among classical musicians, but this was not during
measure investigated post-traumatic stress in Saudi Arabia the pandemic.
(Alshehri et al., 2020), physician’s resilience (Douillet The decrease in resilience during the pandemic in our
et al., 2021), demographic predictors among nurses study is not surprising, given the range of stressors that
(Afshari et al., 2021), anxiety among health care workers artists have experienced. Our study found a statistically
in Indonesia (Setiawati et al., 2021), suicidal ideation significant loss of income, and one may add a lack of social
in Greece (Papadopoulou et al., 2021), and resilience engagement and mental health challenges as stressors, but
predicting academic and work dimensions (Román-Mata these have not been unique to artists (Galea et al., 2020).
et al., 2020). Previous research found lower rates of resilience during
The mean resilience scores of 30.33 before the infectious disease outbreaks (Bonanno et al., 2008; Qiu
pandemic in our study are consistent with research among et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).
general population samples using the CD-RISC-10, Our analysis showed no differences in the mean
ranging from 27.4 in Spain (Notario-Pacheco et al., 2011), resilience scores during the pandemic for gender, art
29.1 in Portugal (Anjos et al., 2019) to 32.1 in the USA fields, art domains, years since obtaining a first tertiary
(Connor & Davidson, 2003). During the first few weeks qualification, employment status, or income before the
of the pandemic, a CD-RISC-10 mean score of 30.97 pandemic. In contrast, other studies using the CD-RISC
was reported among a population of adults (Ferreira 10 identified higher resilience scores among males in
et al., 2020). Their study examined associations between comparison with females (Notario-Pacheco et al., 2011;
demographic variables, resilience, and perceived stress Shin et al., 2018; Cheng & Lam, 2021; Kavčič et al., 2021).

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 8 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.0911