Page 82 - GHES-3-3

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability

REVIEW ARTICLE
Fundamentals of the global healthcare system

and its reforms during the COVID-19 pandemic

Chayan Munshi* , Ruma Garai , Swapnanil Mondal , Upama Das ,
Ishika Pal , and Farhan Jamil
Ethophilia Research Foundation, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India

Abstract

The global healthcare system is inherently dynamic, shaped by the critical application
of economic models aimed at delivering life-saving care to populations across all
socioeconomic strata. However, when unprecedented crises, such as the COVID-19
pandemic (SARS-CoV-2), emerge, the unanticipated demand for healthcare facilities
disrupts the socioeconomic stability of the global healthcare system. The surge in
healthcare expenditures strains the existing financial structures, challenging their
capacity to sustain essential services. Nonetheless, supplementary financial support,
through crowdfunding, government funding, and private sector contributions, has
assisted in stabilizing healthcare delivery during such a period. These financial shifts
Academic editor: have driven the implementation of novel approaches in the global COVID-19 response.
Mihajlo Jakovljevic M.D. Ph.D. MAE This review examines the economic landscape of the global healthcare system and
*Corresponding author: highlights the fundamental managerial protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Chayan Munshi
(chayan.munshi@ethophilia.com)
Key words: Healthcare management; Healthcare finance; COVID-19; Public health;
Citation: Munshi, C., Garai, R., COVID-19 management
Mondal, S., Das, U., Pal, I. & Jamil,
F. (2025). Fundamentals of the global
healthcare system and its reforms
during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Global Health Econ Sustain, 3(3):74-91. 1. Introduction
https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492
Received: January 10, 2025 The global healthcare system is inherently dynamic and plays a vital role in societal well-
being. It broadly encompasses public health, which bridges epidemiological research
1st revised: April 1, 2025 and management practice. Healthcare management is complex, as it spans both clinical
2nd revised: April 16, 2025 and non-clinical sectors, each with unique operational challenges. Effective healthcare
Accepted: April 29, 2025 management requires resource allocation, protocol enforcement, personnel supervision,
and financial stewardship. Strong managerial skills are essential for the development
Published online: June 5, 2025 and sustainability of any healthcare organization. A successful healthcare manager must
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). demonstrate proactiveness, excellent communication skills, administrative competence,
This is an Open-Access article and strong leadership. The integration of advanced management techniques and
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution administrative strategies is crucial for achieving efficient and effective healthcare delivery
License, permitting distribution, (Munshi, 2022).
and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is Numerous processes have been employed to enhance the internal capabilities
properly cited. of healthcare managers, as management skills are critical in shaping an industry’s
Publisher’s Note: AccScience professional successes (Liang et al., 2018). Among these, a robust leadership development
Publishing remains neutral with program is essential, given that the sector’s exponential growth is predicated on
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional important decisions made by competent leaders. Effective leadership requires prompt
affiliations. responsiveness in managing interactions among team members, decision-makers, and

Volume 3 Issue 3 (2025) 74 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492