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Gene & Protein in Disease circRNAs and cancer

Figure 1. Orientation of circRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker for cancers through liquid biopsy. Using body fluids and other molecular biomarkers, effective
management strategies for cancer diagnostic screening. The body fluids of cancer patients contain disease-specific circulating free DNA/RNA, circRNAs,
and circulating tumor cells. Various molecular biology techniques, such as digital droplet PCR, NanoString technology, microarrays, and next-generation
sequencing, can be used to analyze the nucleic acid extracted from a sample of body fluids.

EMT, drug transport and metabolism, autophagy, and three-dimensional cellular systems as research platforms.
apoptosis inhibition enhance drug resistance [154] . CircRNAs Due to their ability to faithfully mimic the evolution
interact with these molecules and modify them to promote of cancer, inducible systems that overexpress genes are
drug resistance [155] . valuable models for observing circRNA expression and
changes during tumor progression in two-dimensional
Various drug response pathways, such as PI3K/ [159]
AKT, MAPK, VEGFR, MEK/ERK, and the ATP- biological systems . In addition, to gain crucial
binding cassette (ABC) transport system, are regulated knowledge about the pathways and processes impacted
by circRNAs as well [156] . According to a recent study, by circRNA entities, it is possible to experimentally assess
circNFIX was overexpressed in temozolomide-resistant the impact of circRNAs’ potential qualitative/quantitative
variations on other properties, such as RBPs and miRNAs.
glioma individuals and conferred temozolomide resistance Similarly, three-dimensional cellular systems, including
to recipient glioma cells through exosomes through brain organoids made from iPSCs [159] , have already been
inhibiting miR-132 [151] . CircPVT1 promotes treatment used in circRNA research. About 56% of the detected
resistance to doxorubicin and cisplatin in osteosarcoma
tissues, blood, and chemoresistant cell lines by increasing circRNAs in those organoid cultures overlapped circRNAs
from the postmortem brain
. The highest in terms of
[160]
the expression of the ABCB1 gene [157] . Furthermore, ability and similarity to the original tissue are patient-
through the miR-182-5p/FOXO3a axis, hsa_circ_0025202 derived organoids, indicating their broad applications
overexpression is frequently downregulated in BC tissues in various malignancies, including GC [161-166] . Other
and tamoxifen-resistant cell lines, reduces cell division and approaches for studying circRNAs include animal
movement, boosts cell apoptosis, and improves tamoxifen models with manipulable loci encoding these molecules.
sensitivity [158] . The above findings suggest that circRNAs Sensorimotor gating was disturbed in mice with a
perform a vital part in chemoresistance. Figure 2 depicts deletion in the Cdr1 as circRNA gene, which substantially
certain anticancer drug-resistant circRNAs in various binds miR-7 and miR-671, leading in neuropsychiatric
malignancies. problems due to the animals’ inability to filter out
5. Implementation of new models in circRNA redundant data [165] . In addition, a study utilized shRNAs
cancer research to selectively downregulate five highly expressed circRNAs
in Drosophila by targeting particular circRNA-back-splice
The significance of circRNAs in the pathophysiology of junctions [166] . The downregulation of circ–Ctrip resulted
specific cells is being studied using two-dimensional and in developmental lethality. These examples highlight

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2022) 7 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.v1i2.138