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Gene & Protein in Disease Hematoma clearance by microglia after ICH

from other translational studies on brain injury , Ethics approval and consent to participate
[58]
increasing IL-10 signaling may be a promising therapeutic
strategy to optimize the microenvironment, promote Not applicable.
hematoma clearance, and improve neurological outcomes. Consent for publication
5. Conclusions and perspectives Not applicable.

Rapid microglia activation occurs following ICH, exhibiting Availability of data
predominantly pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or
mixed phenotypes at different stages of the pathological Not applicable.
process. The different phenotypes of microglia have distinct
biological functions and molecular markers and can release References
various cytokines/chemokines, which play a dual role in 1. Wang J, 2010, Preclinical and clinical research on
ICH brain. Due to the heterogeneity of microglia, future inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Prog
research should focus on function rather than phenotype. Neurobiol, 92(4): 463–477.
In microglia, IL-10 signaling promotes their transition https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.08.001
from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype, 2. Wan J, Ren H, Wang J, 2019, Iron toxicity, lipid peroxidation
upregulates CD36 expression, increases phagocytosis, and ferroptosis after intracerebral haemorrhage. Stroke Vasc
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tissues around the hematoma, all of which are conducive to https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2018-000205
brain repair. Our review outlines the activation and function 3. An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW, 2017, Epidemiology, risk factors,
of microglia, specific markers, and the drugs or molecules that and clinical features of intracerebral hemorrhage: An
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results of recent research on signaling pathways that promote
hematoma clearance, in particular, the IL-10-mediated https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00864
pathway. However, knowledge gaps remain to be filled, such 4. Murphy SJ, Werring DJ, 2020, Stroke: Causes and clinical
as whether CD68, TREM2, GAL-3, and CD11c play a role in features. Med (Abingdon), 48(9): 561–566.
hematoma clearance, whether IL-10 can inhibit ferroptosis https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2020.06.002
after ICH, etc. Although increasing IL-10 signaling may be a
promising therapeutic strategy for hematoma clearance, we 5. Krishnamurthi RV, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, et al., 2013,
Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and
need additional data from both preclinical and clinical studies haemorrhagic stroke during 1990-2010: Findings from the
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Acknowledgments 1(5): e259–e281
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70089-5
The authors thank Chengkang Qu for his assistance with
figure preparation. 6. Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al., 2021, Global,
regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors,
Funding 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurology, 20(10): 795–820.
None.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0
Conflict of interest 7. Shi X, Bai H, Wang J, et al., 2021, Behavioral assessment of
sensory, motor, emotion, and cognition in rodent models of
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol, 12: 667511.
Author contributions https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.667511

Conceptualization: Xiuhua Ren, Chao Jiang, Jian Wang 8. Chang CF, Wan J, Li Q, et al., 2017, Alternative activation-
Visualization: Zhenhua Zhang, Wei Xu, Honghui Sheng, skewed microglia/macrophages promote hematoma
Lanting Zhang resolution in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
Writing – original draft: Zhenhua Zhang, Wei Xu, Honghui Neurobiol Dis, 103: 54–69.
Sheng, Leo Huang, Jiaxin Zhang, Limin Wang, Junmin https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2017.03.016
Wang, Xiuhua Ren, Chao Jiang 9. Al-Kawaz MN, Hanley DF, Ziai W, 2020, Advances in
Writing – review & editing: Wei Xu, Leo Huang, Chao therapeutic approaches for spontaneous intracerebral
Jiang, Jian Wang hemorrhage. Neurotherapeutics, 17(4): 1757–1767.

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.336