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Gene & Protein in Disease β-cell regeneration and stem cell niche

Figure 10. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) phylogenetic tree is utilized to identify pharmacological targets, with each GPCR represented as a
node with its gene name. Receptors with commercially available medicines are highlighted in color. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Yang et al. 68

signaling, enhancing glucagon and insulin production to the class B1 GPCRs, playing pivotal roles in regulating
in cell lines as well as in mouse and human islets. Tubby insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. GLP-1R
family protein (TULP3) facilitates the transportation agonists, such as dulaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide, and
of GPCRs to primary cilia, and its knockdown impairs semaglutide, represent a burgeoning class of medications
controlled glucagon or insulin production without altering beneficial for managing T2D and obesity. A novel
the ciliary structure. pharmacological family, GLP-1R-GIPR co-agonists,

Both the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) including the peptide-based co-agonist tirzepatide, is
and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) belong a potential treatment for T2D by improving glycemic

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 14 doi: 10.36922/gpd.2996