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Gene & Protein in Disease Interleukins-1β, interleukin-8, and the SARS-CoV-2

Table 2. Description of the frequency of patients’ clinical Table 3. Description of the frequency of comorbidities and
signs and symptoms categorized into influenza syndrome health problems in the study patients
and SARS
Clinical signs and symptoms DVAC DNVAC ND
Clinical signs and DVAC DNVAC ND Total Smoker 0 (0.0) 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0)
symptoms n (%)
Chronic neurological disease 0.0 0.0 3 (6.8)
Influenza syndrome
Diabetes 0.0 7 (16.3) 5 (11.4)
Fever 11 (27.5) 21 (48.8) 25 (56.8) 57 (44.9)
Immunodeficiency 1 (2.5) 0 (0.0) 2 (4.5)
Cough 29 (72.5) 37 (86.0) 37 (84.1) 103 (81.1)
Chronic cardiovascular disease 0 (0.0) 8 (18.6) 21 (47.7)
Sore throat 26 (65.0) 24 (55.58) 11 (25.0) 61 (48.0)
Chronic kidney disease 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (9.1)
Fatigue and weakness 0 (0.0) 16 (37.2) 11 (25.0) 27 (21.3)
Cancer 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (4.5)
Loss of smell 0 (0.0) 5 (11.6) 3 (6.8) 8 (6.3)
Asthma/pulmonopathy 2 (5) 4 (9.3) 10 (22.7)
Loss of taste 10 (25.0) 4 (9.5) 2 (4.5) 16 (12.7)
Obesity 0 (0.0) 3 (7.0) 6 (13.6)
Myalgia 18 (45.0) 17 (39.5) 3 (6.8) 38 (29.9)
Abbreviations: DVAC: Vaccinated detectable (with SARS-CoV-2);
Headache 18 (45.0) 10 (23.3) 1 (2.3) 29 (22.8) DNVAC: With SARS-CoV-2 and not vaccinated; ND: Without
Runny nose 27 (67.5) 17 (39.5) 2 (4.5) 46 (36.2) SARS-CoV-2.
Chills 9 (22.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 9 (7.1)
Conjunctival 20 (50.0) 3 (7.0) 0 (0.0) 81.1 (23) Table 4. Frequency of hospitalizations and need for
co-management maintenance in the ICU in the study patients
Diarrhea 6 (15.0) 7 (16.3) 8 (18.2) 21 (16.5) DVAC DNVAC ND P‑value
Nausea and vomiting 1 (2.5) 2 (4.7) 7 (15.9) 10 (7.9) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Abdominal pain 0 (0.0) 2 (4.7) 9 (20.5) 11 (8.7) Hospitalized 1 (2.5) 10 (76.7) 39 (88.6) <0.0001*
SARS ICU 1 (2.5) 8 (18.6) 15 (34.1) <0.0001*
Dyspnea 3 (7.5) 16 (37.2) 37 (84.1) 56 (44.1) Total 40 (100) 43 (100) 44 (100) -
Oxygen saturation <95% 2 (5.0) 16 (37.2) 35 (79.5) 53 (41.7) Note: * indicates a significant difference between groups according to
Welch’s test at P≤0.05.
Abbreviations: IS: Influenza syndrome; SARS: Severe acute respiratory Abbreviations: DVAC: Vaccinated detectable; DNVAC: Detectable not
syndrome; DVAC: Vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2; DNVAC: With vaccinated; ND: Not detectable.
SARS-CoV-2 not vaccinated; ND: Without SARS-CoV-2. Missing
values have been omitted.
4. Discussion
collection of 5.22 (±2.38) days. Wong et al. reported an Systemic hyperinflammation appears to be a relevant
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increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such aspect of COVID-19. However, the expression level of
as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12, from 5 to 12 days after the onset various cytokines that orchestrate the inflammatory
of SARS symptoms, whereas IL-8 levels increased primarily process is controversial. Huang et al. measured the
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from 9 to 14 days after the onset of symptoms. plasma concentration of several pro-inflammatory
3.4. Frequency of comorbidities and injuries and cytokines, including IL-1β, IL1-RA/RN, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5,
health IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15,
and IL-17A, and confirmed increased concentrations
We observed statistically significant differences among of IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-10 in patients with
the study groups in the frequency of the following COVID-19 compared with those in healthy adults. They
comorbidities: diabetes (P = 0.035), chronic cardiovascular also compared the plasma concentrations of ILs between
disease (P < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (P = 0.02), cancer patients with COVID-19 who required and did not require
(P = 0.02), and asthma/lung disease (P = 0.036). However, ICU admission and found that patients in the ICU showed
no statistically significant differences were observed in a significant increase in the levels of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, and
the frequency of smoking (P = 0.374), immunodeficiency TNF-α but not in the levels of IL-1β, IL-1RN, and IL-8.
(P = 0.377), and obesity (P = 0.052) (Table 3). Another study showed that among the major cytokines
whose plasma levels increase in patients with SARS, IL-2,
3.5. Frequency of ICU admissions and maintenance IL-6, IL-7, GCSF, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α,
The frequency of hospitalizations and ICU admissions TNF-α, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and d-dimer are
showed a statistically significant difference among the prominent. Moreover, disease severity has been associated
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study groups (P < 0.0001), as shown in Table 4. with elevated plasma concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6,

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 5 doi: 10.36922/gpd.4076