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Gene & Protein in Disease Rotavirus diversity in Uttar Pradesh

the 80 samples from piglets were detected by RT-PCR, as protection. Another study indicated that the genomic
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opposed to 65.63% and 63.75% detected by RNA-PAGE, segments of G9P[13] RVAs were closely linked to porcine
respectively. This finding aligns with Kylla, who also noted or porcine-like human RVAs, demonstrating the existence
a lower detection rate of RVA using RNA-PAGE (4.81%) of porcine-human reassortant strains. 40
compared to RT- PCR (7.43%). Moreover, RV was found
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only in diarrheal samples, corroborating previous studies 5. Conclusion
that reported similar results. For instance, Kylla found that This study identified the predominant RVA strain G3P[8],
9.14% of samples from diarrheal pigs tested positive for followed by G1P[8], G1P[6], and G2P[4], circulating
RVA, compared to just 2.54% from non-diarrheal piglets. among children in Bareilly and surrounding regions. This
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All diarrhea cases of RVA in piglets were reported during highlights a shifting landscape in the epidemiology and
the winter season, which corresponds to the name “winter genotypic distribution of RV related to childhood diarrhea.
diarrhea.” In addition, the emerging G9P[13]-I5-E1 RVA strain in
Studies conducted from 1983 to 1997 on human pigs may pose a risk for potential outbreaks among piglets
rotaviruses showed that G1 and G2 strains were more on farms near Rupapur, as well as for children living
prevalent than G3 strains, a trend that shifted from 1996 to in close proximity to these farms. Thus, it is crucial to
1998 when G2 became predominant, followed by G1 and regularly assess the effectiveness of current RV vaccines
G9. A similar pattern continued from 1998 to 2000, with and to maintain ongoing surveillance of RV genotypes in
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G1 strains predominating over G2, G3, and G4 strains. diarrheal cases affecting both children and animals.
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Overall, G1P[8] strains (31.4 – 46.1%) and G2P[4] strains Acknowledgments
(20.2%) were consistently reported as dominant throughout
the years studied, except in 2009 when G9P[8] strains The authors are thankful to the Director and Joint
peaked at 15.3%, particularly from Pune in Western India. Director (Research), Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
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Consequently, G1P[8] was identified as the dominant strain Izatnagar, India, for providing the necessary facilities for
in Pune during 1992 – 1993 and again from 2006 to 2008. conducting the study. The authors are also thankful to the
Similar trends were seen in other parts of India, including SERB (DST) for providing funds to carry out the research
northern regions, where G1 was predominant, followed by work. The authors are thankful to all the hospital and farm
G2, G-untypeable, and G9 strains. 33-36 Interestingly, between in-charges/owners and parents of children for providing
2016 and 2019, the dominance shifted to G3P[8] (44.09%), samples.
followed by G1P[8] (32.65%), G2[P4] (5.10%), G1[P6]
(3.06%), and G9[P4] (1.02%). In our research, we similarly Funding
37
found that the G3P[8] RVA strain was predominant at The work was supported by grants (Project ID 10058006,
46.42%, followed by G1[P8] (14.28%), G2P[4] (10.71%), and File No. SERB/F/459/2016-17 dated 18.05.2016) from the
G1P[6] (14.28%) among children. In addition, I1 (78.57%) Science and Engineering Research Board, DST, India, to
and E1 (75.0%) genotypes were more common than I2 and Z.B.D.
E2 (21.42% each) in this investigation. Notably, I2 and E2
genotypes were consistently associated with the G2P[4] Conflict of interest
strain, but not with G1P[6] or G3P[8], suggesting specific The authors declare that they have no competing or conflict
linkages among these strains. Similar relationships among of interests.
these genes have shown both concordance (G2-P[4]-I2-E2)
and discordance (G9P[4]-I2-E6). 38 Author contributions
The single circulating piglet rotaviral genotype G9P[13]- Conceptualization: Kiran Bhilegaonkar, Kaushal K. Rajak,
I5-E1 identified in this study was highly virulent and Yashpal Singh Malik, Zunjar Baburao Dubal
associated with severe diarrheal outbreaks. Research into Data curation: Gazanfar Abass, Shriya Rawat, Nitin Dudhe
the pathogenesis and genome analysis of the G9P[13] Formal analysis: Vinodh Kumar Obli Rajendran, Nitin
RV strain from Ohio revealed a human-like G9 VP7 Dudhe, Zunjar Baburao Dubal
genotype that shared a higher overall nucleotide identity Investigation: Gazanfar Abass, Vibha Singh, Nitin Dudhe
with historical porcine RV (PRV) strains. This strain led Methodology: Gazanfar Abass, Vibha Singh, Nitin Dudhe
to longer rectal virus shedding and RV RNAemia in pigs Writing – original draft: Nitin Dudhe, Vinodh Kumar Obli
compared to HRV Wa G1P[8] and provided complete Rajendran
short-term cross-protection against HRV or PRV Writing – review & editing: Yashpal Singh Malik, Zunjar
challenges, whereas HRV Wa G1P[8] offered only partial Baburao Dubal, Kiran Bhilegaonkar

Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 7 doi: 10.36922/gpd.6237