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Global Translational Medicine Stem cells in aortic aneurysm

Figure 1. A schematic overview of cell types in aortic aneurysm and dissection. Various markers representing different cell types are listed in different
layers of the aortic wall.
MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; EC: Endothelial cell; Mast: Mast cells; Neutr: Neutrophils; VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell; Macro: Macrophages;
Mono: Monocytes; DC: Dendritic cells; FibroL: Fibroblasts.

in the aneurysm lumen, while inhibiting the expression of promote tissue repair by inducing a macrophage phenotype
MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aneurysm tissue in vivo . shift from M1 to M2, which may ultimately prevent the
[57]
[60]
So far, the effect of EPCs in AA has not been clearly AA growth . In the process of AAA formation, IL-17
+
concluded, but it can predict the occurrence, development produced by CD4 T cells can promote inflammation,
[61]
and rupture of aneurysm at early stage, as well as the and MSCs can inhibit its effect . In addition to direct
postoperative outcome. regulation, MSCs can also indirectly suppress aortic
inflammation by modulating microRNAs to attenuate
3.2. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells AA formation . For example, miR-194 can inhibit
[62]
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells the expression of BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)
[63]
(BM-MSCs) are a class of adult stem cells with self-renewal through KDM3A, inhibiting the progression of AAA .
and multi-directional differentiation potential, which have MSC-derived extracellular vesicles also contribute to the
[64]
a wide range of roles in AA. Positive markers are found inhibition of AAA by regulating microRNA-147 . For the
to be CD73, CD105, CD90, CD29, and STRO2 . Many hydrolysis of elastin, adult BM-MSC-derived VSMCs can
[58]
studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) synthesize and assemble elastin to repair and regenerate
[65]
have an effective therapeutic effect on AA, and the specific the elastic matrix of AA .
molecular mechanisms have been widely studied. Accordingly, MSCs have a good prospect in the
It is known that the pathogenesis of AA is closely treatment of AA, but many specific mechanisms are not
related to vascular inflammation, and MSCs can reduce fully understood.
aortic inflammation to treat AA. The inhibitory effect of 3.3. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
MSCs on dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells has (ADSCs)
long been demonstrated , and the specific mechanism of
[59]
inhibition of inflammation in AA formation has recently Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were
been elucidated. MSCs also reduce inflammation and also found to play an indispensable role in TAA and AAA.

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2023) 4 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v2i1.241