Page 25 - GTM-2-2

Global Translational Medicine Use of cardio biomarker in diagnosis of AMI

I-containing well plates, the color intensity was assessed. The low density, thermal stability, and exceptional electrical,
limit of detection is as low as 0.01 ng/mL . In 2020, Wen porous, and mechanical characteristics .
[59]
[12]
et al. developed a calorimetric biosensor on poly (dimethyl
siloxane) (PDMS)-AuNPs composite film with silver, which 5.3. Aptamers biosensor for diagnosing AMI
is used as a biosensor for TnI detection [2,3] . An immune- The glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) used in the aptamer
sensing biochip for the rapid and accurate detection of cardiac biosensor serve as recognition molecules. When aptamers
biomarkers such as TnI, CK-MB, and myoglobin in blood attach precisely to the analyte in a solution, they can provide
using a nitrocellulose membrane for antibody immobilization an electrochemical signal. The current corresponds with the
enables a quick and effective detection of AMI . analyte concentration; hence, the aptamer-based biosensor
[12]
may be used to find cTnl in a sample. In 2014, a new
5.2. Electrochemical immunoassay for diagnosing aptamer biosensor for cTnl detection was developed. They
AMI added hydroxyl groups to the GCE by submerging it in a
The electrochemical assay focuses mainly on the interaction hydrophilic solution of NH OH: H O : amination solution
4
2
2
between the transducer and the target molecules. It and H O (1-1-10) at 72°C for 20 minutes and of 3-amino-
2
works by detecting electrochemical signals produced propyltryethoxysilane: H O amination solution by attaching
2
by the particular interaction, which, when caught by the it to the surface of the GCE as an amino group. Carbon
immobilized surface antibodies, leads to a charge exchange di-imide hydrochloride and N-hydroxy succinimide are
between host and guest molecules and a change in current used to activate the GCE. A biosensor uses aptamers and
or voltage on the targeted surface. cognition molecules standing still on the surface of GCE.
When the cTnl in solution is attached to the immobilized
• Amperometric approach, which measures the electric the concentration of the cTnl in the solution affects the
current created by the displacement by a regulated current generated by the binding process . Their low
[12]
potential. stability, fragility, and sensitivity to denaturation caused by
• Potentiometric approach, which detects the temperature changes account for their limited storage life.
potential difference caused by the accumulation They cannot also be created artificially. It results in high
or reduction of ions at the sensor interface when expenses and uncertainty from batch to batch. Therefore, they
exposed to a continuous current or zero current could be blamed for the discrepancy in cTnl levels detected
sources, for instance, a field-effect transistor (FET), a by various so-called point-of-care (POC) equipment. With
semiconductor device that functions by electric field this synthetic method of production, high reproducibility
modulating charges and can convert specific biological and good yields are feasible. In comparison to antibodies,
interactions into electrical signals.
• Impedimetric approach, which measures changes in they are more stable over time and less vulnerable to high
temperatures. There is always a potential for them to become
the impedance of a material depending on a current denaturized, which would then allow for the benefit of their
or potential disturbance on the sensor surface . folding shape. Their storage, transport, and manipulation
[60]
Label-free electrochemical detection is recognized are therefore made easier. Aptamers, sometimes referred to
as an affordable, responsive, and sustainable method for as “APTA-sensors,” are becoming more and more popular
biomarker analysis. High sensitivity, selectivity, and low to be used in sensitive and precise testing and as a cheaper
cost are all features of electrochemical detection (electron alternative to unstable and costly antibodies in sensors .
[3]
transfer directly generates an electronic signal, so expensive
equipment is not needed for signal transduction). 5.4. Fluorescence immunoassay for diagnosing AMI
Many electrochemical biosensors are constructed For cTnl detection, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
using capacitance, amperometry, or potentiometry. chemiluminescence chemistry is used. In the beginning,
Amperometry biosensors are the most popular because it monoclonal anti-cTnl was applied to the carboxylic acid-
is easy to use. It is possible to immobilize the recognition modified magnetic beads through EDC coupling to create a
components on the transducer surface with the aid of particular antigen-antibody association . This innovative
[61]
gels, polymeric membranes, conductive salts, etc., which method is designed for cTnl detection. It has been
pose one of the most crucial problems while using this claimed that microwave-accelerated and metal-enhanced
technique. An aptamer-based biosensor for Tnl detection, fluorescence (MA-MEF) is used to identify proteins. Only
with a gold electrode serving as the transducer, had a a little time is required for incubation thanks to microwave
detection range of 0.03 to 2 ng/mL when tested on 89 acceleration . Multianalyte chip assay is an additional
[62]
human samples. Electrochemical biosensors are suitable technique for identifying biomolecules. A multianalyte
for diagnosing AMI due to their significant surface area, sensor surface was sandwiched with several biomarkers,

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 7 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.0403