Page 21 - GTM-2-2

Global Translational Medicine Use of cardio biomarker in diagnosis of AMI

enzymes in cardiac muscle for the identification of cardiac disease [22-24] . There is an angiographic link between
muscle injury . Although both cardiac troponins I and T coronary artery disease and expected rises in systemic MPO
[14]
are early markers of AMI, cardiac troponin I has a cardiac levels. A patient whose diagnostic cardiac catheterization
focus, whereas cardiac troponin T is not cardiac-specific was performed in a tertiary referral hospital is 15–20 times
because it is also raised in other degenerative diseases . more likely to have abnormal coronary angiograms,
[15]
which were defined as >50% stenosis in one or more major
4. Biomarkers of AMI coronary arteries, as compared to a subject in the lowest
Biomarkers of AMI are some of the most recent biomarkers quartile. It was still statistically significant to associate the
and they are associated with numerous pathologic C-reactive protein (CRP) with the Framingham risk score.
processes (Figure 1) . Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that in patients
[16]
who present with acute coronary symptoms or chest
4.1. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) pair, it is possible to forecast the likelihood of a severe
MPO may be involved in human atherogenesis according adverse cardiac event using MPO concentrations in the
to several lines of evidence. The enzymes and their blood and serum, mortality of a non-fatal myocardial
[24]
byproducts of oxidation result in atherosclerotic lesions, infarction, or the requirement for revascularization .
as detected by immunohistochemical and biochemical In addition, several biochemical and genetic studies have
investigations [17-20] . White persons who have complete or demonstrated a strong link between MPO and the risk of
[25]
partial MPO deficiency, which affects 1 in every 2000 – CVD .
4000 of them, appear to have a lower risk of developing 4.2. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
cardiovascular disease (CVD) . In addition, those who
[21]
have a promoter polymorphism that is associated with The immediate role of MMPs is the breakdown and
a reported 2-fold reduction in MPO expression appear removal of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules as well as
to have cardioprotection as evidenced by a significant cell-surface molecules. Physiological functions of MMPs
reduction in angiographic indicators of cardiac mortality, include angiogenesis, wound healing, and embryogenesis,
non-fatal myocardial infarction, and coronary artery and they may also lead to pathological hazards such

Figure 1. Association of biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction with pathophysiological mechanism.
Abbreviations: ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor-15;
ST-2: Suppression of tumorigenicity 2.

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 3 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.0403