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Global Translational Medicine Gut microbiota in Onco-Hematology

the microbiota can ascribe to all the microorganisms found diabetes [15,16] , celiac disease , arterial stiffness , arthritis ,
[18]
[17]
[19]
in a location or environment, including bacteria, fungi, and obesity . In addition, Opstelten et al. indicated
[20]
[21]
and viruses . According to Joshua Lederberg, a molecular that smokers presented a considerably lower diversity (gut
[1]
biologist, the gut microbiome is defined as the totality of microbiota) among those diagnosed with Crohn’s disease .
[21]
microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi, and These studies indicate that a well-balanced species-
their collective genetic material present in the gastrointestinal rich gut environment is potent as protection against
tract (GIT), while the gut microbiota comprises all the environmental influences. Therefore, diversity appears to
bacteria and commensals residing in the GIT. be a good or reliable indicator of the so-called “healthy
1.2. General significance of gut microbiota gut” [22,23] .
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the absorption To a certain degree, there is a considerable number of
of minerals and nutrients and enzyme, amino acid, and studies related to the above-mentioned disorders, especially
vitamin synthesis, including the productivity of short- those related to obesity, diabetes, and GIT disorders.
chain fatty acids (SCFAs) . However, studies on malignancies are scarce, and those
[2]
linked with hematological malignancies are even fewer.
Gut microbiota occupies a variety of important aspects Hence, the purpose of this literature is to contribute to or
when it comes to human health, either metabolic or encourage further investigations into cancers, especially
immunological [3,4] . Various pieces of evidence at different those of hematological nature.
levels exist in support of the role of gut microbiota in
human studies, public health, and animal models [5-9] . 1.5. Rationale behind this literature
Patients undergoing treatment or following a regimen
1.3. Functional properties or characteristics of gut for hematological malignancies are considered to
microbiota
be at a high risk of infection due to various factors,
The gut microbiota is capable of providing capacities including the underlying malignancy, neutropenia,
that are essential in fermenting nondigestible substrates, chemotherapy-induced immune suppression, and
such as endogenous intestinal mucus and dietary fibers. frequent hospitalizations . In addition, patients tend
[24]
This process, called fermentation, is important because to experience neutropenia for lengthy periods, which
it is in support of the growth of very special or specialist may result in mucosal barrier damage or injury of the
[10]
microbiota, which ends up producing SCFAs and gases . GIT when combined with chemotherapy treatment [25,26] .
Studies directed toward gut microbiota, or the so-called
The most commonly produced SCFAs are acetate, [27]
propionate, and butyrate. Among functions associated with “indigenous microbial communities” found in the GIT ,
have portrayed various fundamental relations with clinical
butyrate, one of them is that it serves as the main source of outcomes, especially among patients receiving treatment
energy found in human colonocytes, and more interestingly, targeted toward hematological malignancies and/or other
it can induce apoptosis in cells detected to be related to colon blood disorders . Hence, the aim of this literature is to
[28]
cancer. In addition, they have the ability to activate intestinal portray the latest advances in using gut microbiota to
gluconeogenesis, which has beneficial effects on energy find solutions and possible alleviating effects directed
and glucose regulation (homeostasis). Butyrate fulfills a toward hematological malignancies and other associated
critical role in epithelial cells to use large oxygen amounts disorders.
through β-oxidation by generating a state of hypoxia which
then maintains oxygen balance in the gut, preventing gut 2. Implications of microbiota in
microbiota dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) . Propionate is hematological diseases
[11]
transported to the liver to regulate satiety signaling and
gluconeogenesis by interacting with gut fatty acid receptors . 2.1. Anemia
[12]
The most abundant essential metabolite, called acetate, is A variety of anemia, for example, anemia due to chronic
fundamentally important for encouraging the growth of the inflammation and/or aplastic anemia, tend to be linked with
bacteria that reach the peripheral sites or tissues. It is utilized various inflammatory processes and infections; this is rather
in the metabolism of cholesterol and lipogenesis and may suggestive of important cooperation between microbiota
contribute to central appetite regulation . and red blood cells. Aplastic anemia, characterized by
[13]
pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow, is associated
1.4. Microbiota diversity in relation to health
with infections caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
A variety of literature indicates that a low level of bacterial cytomegalovirus (CMV), and parvovirus B19. In addition,
diversity is closely related to inflammatory bowel disease , these viruses are also associated with hepatitis A, B, C, E,
[14]

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.0389