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Global Translational Medicine Gut microbiota in Onco-Hematology

Figure 2. Novelty of involving microbiota in immunotherapy.

conducted a study which indicated that the efficacy of abundance of bacteria in the Ruminococcaceae family in
ICIs in therapy may somehow be linked or dependent on the patients who responded to the therapy .
[66]
the host microbiota. In addition ICIs responded poorly
in animals raised under germ-free situations. It was 4. FMT
ascertained that, in the presence of microorganisms, the There are different delivery methods and/or methodologies
host antigen-presenting cells stimulated IFNγ-generating that could be employed to restore gut microbiota in FMT
T-cells. Vetizou et al. investigated how the therapeutic through the nasal tube (NT), specifically the nasogastric
[62]
efficacy of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein- tube (NGT), nasoduodenal tube (NDT), or nasojejunal
4-blockade, as exerted by Yervoy (Ipilimumab), could tube (NJT), as illustrated in Figure 3 . Recently capsules
[67]
correspondingly be caused by elements involving the gut containing fecal content have been used to evade the
microbiota . It is now clear that primary resistance to invasive nature of the NGT, NDT, and NJT, this type
[64]
immune checkpoints could be ascribed to an abnormal gut of technique is also referred to as capsule-based FMT
microbiota composition. The FMT from cancer patients (cFMT). It is indicated by previous studies that FMT can
who have responded to immune checkpoints into germ- assist in the restoration of the gut barrier function in germ-
free or antibiotic-treated mice revitalized the antitumor free mice; in addition, it may be efficacious in preventing
effects of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade, while or mitigating the translocation of microbes . FMT
[68]
the FMT from non-responding patients failed to do so. Oral has been recommended as standard care for recurrent
supplementation composed of Akkermansia muciniphila Clostridium difficile infections in patients that have failed
after FMT with non-responder stools re-established certain antibiotic treatments . It should be indicated
[69]
the efficacy of PD-1 blockade for an IL-12-dependent that the GIT colonized by resistant microorganisms does
process by means of increasing the recruitment of not necessarily cause infections or related symptoms.
+
+
CCR9 CXCR3 CD4 T lymphocytes into mouse tumor However, the translocation of resistant microbes seems
+
beds . In addition, patients (melanoma) who underwent to be responsible for immensely complicating the efficacy
[65]
anti-PD-1 immunotherapy showed significant differences of antimicrobial treatments . Innes et al. performed
[71]
[70]
in the diversity and composition of the patient gut a study (case report) which included a 63-year-old male
microbiota of responders compared to non-responders. diagnosed with ALL undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic
The analysis performed on patients’ fecal microbiota stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), who had presented
samples indicated a significantly higher alpha diversity and with a history of recurrent C. difficile infections, including
Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.0389