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Global Translational Medicine Hesperetin alleviates pulmonary injury

increased TNF-α expression. 26,32 In the current study, generally observed with multiple traumas, while this study
hesperetin attenuated pulmonary TNF-α expression, in created a PC model manifesting only a unilateral trauma.
addition to obstructing aggregation of inflammatory cells In addition, all animals used in this research were male,
and PML as well as reducing IL-1β and IL-6 levels. so there is no information regarding how females would
iNOS is one of the enzymes that produce nitric react to this treatment model. Furthermore, the vital signs
oxide (NO) related to the inflammatory process and and oxygenation status of the animals were not determined
have significant biological activity in the lungs. In during or at the end of the study. This study also did not
33
healthy lung tissue, iNOS is not expressed, but increased perform any analysis of bronchoalveolar fluids.
iNOS expression in the inflammation and tissue injury 5. Conclusion
processes has been reported in many studies. 34-36
Reaction of NO with superoxide anions, especially The pathological manifestations of unilateral PC induced
reactive oxygen species (ROS), produces peroxynitrite with blunt chest trauma in rat model include pulmonary
which causes apoptosis and tissue injury in the lungs. edema and hemorrhage, interalveolar septum thickening,
37
In the present study, consistent with previous studies of and pulmonary inflammation. Besides, PC is associated
the PC model, 38,39 rats that had been induced with PC with increased levels of TNF-α in lung tissues and IL-1 and
exhibited significantly increased expression of iNOS, as IL-6 expressions in serum. This study also determined that
compared to the control group. Previous experimental increased MDA level is a lipid peroxidation marker in PC.
studies demonstrated that iNOS inhibitors can prevent To alleviate the PC injury caused by blunt chest trauma,
tissue injury and suppress inflammatory response. In hesperetin stands out as a potential cure by inhibiting
40
the present study, we detected lower iNOS expression the synthesis of TNF-α and iNOS in lung tissues and
in the PC + hesperetin group, along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in serum, as well
histopathological injury score as well as levels of as ameliorating tissue damage, pulmonary edema, and
TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, all of which are compatible inflammation.
with results observed in the previous studies. It has been
reported that the beneficial effects of hesperetin are Acknowledgments
attributable to its ability to suppress pro-inflammatory None.
cytokine production and prevent activation of NF-κβ
transcription factor, as shown in in vivo and in vitro Funding
experimental studies of ulcerative colitis, hepatitis, LPS-
induced ALI, and neuroinflammation. 41-44 None.
Determining MDA levels, the end product of lipid Conflict of interest
peroxidation, is one of the most commonly used and The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
reliable methods to assess lipid oxidation in tissue.
45
Compatible with the findings of the present study, high Author contributions
MDA levels in the PC model induced by blunt chest
trauma have also been reported elsewhere. 46-48 In this Conceptualization: Serkan Kaya, İhsan Karaboğa
study, we found that hesperetin significantly reduced Formal analysis: Serkan Kaya, İhsan Karaboğa
MDA level in the PC + hesperetin group compared to Investigation: Serkan Kaya, İhsan Karaboğa, Yasin Duran,
the PC group. Increasing MDA levels in a doxorubicin- Fatin Rüştü Polat
induced oxidative stress model and in a lead acetate- Methodology: İhsan Karaboğa, Yasin Duran, Zeynep
49
induced oxidative stress model were reported to Fidanol Erboğa, Elif Polat
14
significantly reduce with administration of hesperetin. Writing – original draft: İhsan Karaboğa
Similarly, in an LPS-induced ALI model, hesperetin Writing – review & editing: All authors
administration has been found to lower MDA level.
49
These findings obtained in different experimental studies Ethics approval and consent to participate
showed that hesperetin administration prevents lipid All applications in this experimental study were approved
peroxidation. by Tekirdag Namık Kemal University Experimental

Several limitations of this study should be Animals Local Ethics Committee (2018-T115).
acknowledged. The PC model that was induced using Consent for publication
blunt chest trauma may not fully mimic the clinical tableau
of the human disease. PC due to blunt chest trauma is Not applicable.

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 6 doi: 10.36922/gtm.2568