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Global Translational Medicine Laser influence on cytokine secretion

3. Results of the alveolar bone and periodontal attachment – is the
most common non-communicable chronic inflammatory
TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, disease affecting humans. The microbial etiology
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MIP-2, and interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) of this disease is complex, and the emerging concept
showed a trend toward reduced concentrations in the of dysbiosis remains incomplete. 46,47 Nevertheless,
laser-irradiated cultures. This effect was more pronounced one mode by which dysbiosis can manifest involves
at longer exposure times (45 and 60 s) (Figure 1). However, the expansion of pathobionts within the microbial
none of the 27 inflammatory mediators that were evaluated ecosystem. Multiple putative periodontal pathogens
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in this study showed statistically significant reductions are gram-negative anaerobes that contain LPS within
in concentration in the laser-irradiated versus control their outer membranes. LPS is a virulence factor and
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cultures. As anticipated, we observed LPS dose-dependent a potent inflammatory stimulus, which may cause bone
increases in cytokine concentrations in the control groups resorption and loss of attachment. 48,49 Nd:YAG lasers are
(Figure 2). used clinically in the treatment of periodontitis and in
4. Discussion alveolar ridge preservation procedures; 41,50 however, the
effect of laser periodontal therapy (LPT) on the local
This study aimed to explore the effect of Nd:YAG laser immune response has not been established.
exposure time on the secretion of 27 inflammatory The results of this study should be interpreted
mediators in LPS-stimulated rat PBMCs. Because with caution due to multiple limitations. Notably, our
a general reduction in inflammation is a consistent experiments were incapable of optimizing the exposure
finding in PBM studies, extensive effects on a large parameters to minimize the levels of pro-inflammatory
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proportion of the evaluated proteins may have been cytokines. Numerous PBM outcomes of interest exhibit
anticipated. In contrast, we detected no statistically biphasic responses. Hence, a lower fluence value (J/cm )
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2
significant reductions in the concentrations of the pro- may have affected the investigated inflammatory mediators
inflammatory cytokines.
more broadly and to a greater degree. The power levels
The ability to modulate inflammation is relevant for applied may have exceeded the ideal for exerting anti-
clinical and patient-oriented outcomes in dental implant inflammatory effects. Clinically, an average power of 4 W is
therapy, hard and soft tissue augmentation procedures, typical for intraoral applications, which can be increased
50
and the treatment of periodontal disease. In fact, to 6 W for extraoral PBM. The average power applied in
periodontitis – which involves inflammatory destruction these experiments was within this range. It is difficult to

Figure 1. Normalized mean concentrations of cytokines trending toward reduced concentrations in laser-exposed cell cultures
Abbreviations: IP-10: Interferon gamma-induced protein 10; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MIP-1α: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; MIP-2: Macrophage
inflammatory protein-2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 4 doi: 10.36922/gtm.4433