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Global Translational Medicine Laser influence on cytokine secretion

Figure 2. Results from control cultures. Cytokine and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations were correlated appropriately
Abbreviations: IP-10: Interferon gamma-induced protein 10; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MIP-1α: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; MIP-2: Macrophage
inflammatory protein-2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.

place the exposure times evaluated in this study into the Acknowledgments
clinical context. A typical LPT procedure may require ≥2 h,
with multiple laser applications at different irradiation None.
parameters interrupted by mechanical debridement of the Funding
tooth roots. Alveolar ridge preservation at a single tooth
50
extraction socket may involve laser application for several The Defense Health Agency (United States) funded this
minutes. The distance between the optical fiber and research entirely. The authors received no extramural
41
target cells/tissues is another factor potentially affecting funding.
the observed response. In distinct clinical situations, the
distance between the optical fiber and the target tissue Conflict of interest
varies from direct contact to several centimeters. Changing The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
the standardized distance used in this study (1.8 cm) would
probably affect the results. An excessively small distance Author contributions
may damage cells directly aligned with the fiber, whereas
an excessively large distance could result in laser exposure Conceptualization: Sarah M. Vargas, Brian Stancoven,
affecting the cells in adjacent wells. In this study, cell viability Adam Lincicum, Kimberly Ann Inouye
was not confirmed before the evaluation of cytokine levels. Formal analysis: Thomas Johnson, Michael A. Washington
Therefore, the observed reductions in some cytokine levels Investigation: Sarah M. Vargas, Megan E. Bunting, Rachel J.
may have reflected cell death rather than PBM. Duval, Michael A. Washington
Methodology: Sarah M. Vargas, Michael A. Washington,
5. Conclusion Thomas M. Johnson
Writing–original draft: Sarah M. Vargas, Thomas M. Johnson
Under the experimental conditions of this study, the
observations do not support the reduced secretion of Writing–review & editing: Michael A. Washington,
pro-inflammatory cytokines in PBMC cultures receiving Brian Stancoven, Kimberly Ann Inouye, Claudia P.
Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Modifying the irradiation Millan, Adam Lincicum, Rachel J. Duval, Megan E.
parameters may alter the observed cytokine secretion Bunting
profiles. Further studies should extend experiments across Ethics approval and consent to participate
a range of laser irradiation parameters and cell types and
include evaluations of cytotoxicity and cellular growth Not applicable. This research involved the use of a
kinetics. commercially available animal cell line.

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 5 doi: 10.36922/gtm.4433