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Global Translational Medicine Electrical stimulation in therapy and biology

developing ES from an experimental concept to a reliable the client’s distinctive features to improve the therapeutic
model for clinical practice. outcomes and reduce adverse effects. This personalized
approach to ES-based therapies holds promise for
6. Future perspectives enhancing the treatment of conditions, such as chronic

The influence of ES on cell membranes has stimulated pain, neurodegenerative diseases, and wound healing.
considerable interest in cell membrane-based therapeutic 6.3. Expanding molecular understanding
approaches. Further research development in this area
presents several future trends with potential in clinical and Although there is an increasing understanding of the
molecular biology. impact of ES, the molecular basis remains an essential focus.
Future studies are expected to extend the knowledge of the
6.1. Advancements in ES technology molecular mechanisms underlying ES effects, particularly
New developments have been achieved in ES techniques, on signaling pathways, gene expression in various cell
particularly in enhancing parameter control for biological types, and ion channel regulation. New possibilities involve
experiments and therapeutic applications. For example, identifying more effective interventions based on the
transcranial direct current stimulation and deep brain specific molecular targets that regulate cellular responses
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stimulation have improved over the years in their ability to to electric signals. Detailed insights into molecular
affect cell membranes in target tissues. A more ambitious changes in cells exposed to ES are likely to emerge with
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prospect is the integration of nanotechnology and the help of advanced technologies, such as genomics,
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bioelectronic interfaces, extending ES applications to even proteomics, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Applying
more localized modes. For example, improving the type of these advances to clinical practice can potentially improve
electrodes on the nanoscale and micro electromechanical therapeutic outcomes while offering a better perspective
systems could enhance the accuracy of ES, enabling of the cellular and molecular changes elicited by ES. The
more accurate engagement of specific cellular reactions. ongoing collaboration between biologists, engineers, and
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Such progress is likely to pave the way for tailored clinicians is not merely beneficial but critical for harnessing
treatments across different fields, such as neurological and the full potential of ES technologies. Emphasizing this
cardiovascular sciences. interdisciplinary collaboration highlights the crucial role
each field plays in advancing ES technologies.
6.2. Personalized medicine
6.4. BMT
However, as individuals respond differently to ES,
the notion of patient-tailored medicine is becoming BMT has seen remarkable innovation in recent years. It is
increasingly relevant in ES-based therapies. A patient’s being applied in pain management, physical therapy, and
characteristics, including genetic predisposition, type of areas, such as treating wounds and skin care. It has been
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tissue, and disease status, may affect how cells react to ES. reported that it can enhance tissue repair more rapidly
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The current density and frequency should be adjusted with by stimulating fibroblast activity, promoting collagen

Figure 4. Future perspectives and applications of electrical stimulation
Abbreviations: BMT: Bioelectric Meridian Therapy; DBS: Deep brain stimulation; ES: Electrical stimulation; MEMS: Micro-electromechanical system;
tDCS: Transcranial direct-current stimulation.

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 31 doi: 10.36922/gtm.7774