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Global Translational Medicine Electrical stimulation in therapy and biology

synthesis, and improving vasculature. Recent clinical trials Funding
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using BMT to treat chronic back pain and osteoarthritis
in patients showed promising results, including pain None.
reduction and improvement in patient mobility. Conflict of interest
Furthermore, efforts are being made to combine The authors declare they have no competing interests to
BMT with other treatments, such as physiotherapy or declare.
acupuncture, to achieve better patient outcomes. When
integrated with patient-specific exercises or manual Author contributions
therapy, BMT may enhance recovery rates and tissue
performance. Figure 4 illustrates the future perspectives Conceptualization: Tracy Taulier, Mohammad Amjad
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and applications of ES in clinical and research fields, Kamal
highlighting its advancements, personalized applications, Investigation: Praveen Mallari
and molecular understanding. Supervision: Praveen Mallari
Visualization: Aakarshi Gupta
7. Conclusion Writing – original draft: Aakarshi Gupta
Writing – review & editing: Praveen Mallari, Mohammad
This review focuses on how ES has emerged as a unique Amjad Kamal
research platform in the biomedical field, with novel
therapeutic applications in wound healing, regenerative Ethics approval and consent to participate
medicine, and oncology. The cell membrane plays a critical
role in ES, acting as a flexible barrier that modulates Not applicable.
cellular responses to electrical impulses. Electrical stimulus Consent for publication
plays an essential role in regulating and controlling
various biological activities, including cell signaling, cell Not applicable.
movement, and specialization. These effects are achieved
through changes in ion concentrations, alterations in the Availability of data
membrane permeability, and modifications to protein Not applicable.
structures. ES applications have shown promise in
improving wound healing, nerve regeneration, and cancer References
treatment through electroporation facilitated by BMT. The 1. Ferrigno B, Bordett R, Duraisamy N, et al. Bioactive
advancements highlighted in the literature emphasize ES’s polymeric materials and electrical stimulation strategies
potential in alleviating pain, repairing tissues, and treating for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. Bioact
complicated ailments. However, several challenges remain, Mater. 2020;5(3):468-485.
such as variability in cellular response, the optimization of
measurement parameters, and concerns regarding long- doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.010
term safety. To address these issues, further development 2. Silva JC, Meneses J, Garrido FFF, et al. Direct coupled
of ES technologies is needed, especially by combining real- electrical stimulation towards improved osteogenic
time adaptive systems and personal medicine. Modifying differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal
ES protocols based on the characteristics of each patient cells: A comparative study of different protocols. Sci
receiving the treatment and fine-tuning the stimulation Rep. 2024;14(1):5458.
parameters may also improve therapeutic efficacy and doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55234-y
reduce adverse effects. As research continues to uncover 3. Katoh K. Effects of electrical stimulation of the cell:
the molecular and biophysical mechanisms underlying ES, Wound healing, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and signal
the field may offer new approaches for numerous medical transduction. Med Sci (Basel). 2023;11(1):11.
challenges and eventually shape the field of bioelectrical doi: 10.3390/medsci11010011
medicine—a potential new discipline, which could be
recognized as “bioelectromediotronics.” 4. Chen C, Bai X, Ding Y, Lee IS. Electrical stimulation as a
novel tool for regulating cell behavior in tissue engineering.
Acknowledgments Biomater Res. 2019;23:25.

The authors acknowledge their institutions for Providing doi: 10.1186/s40824-019-0176-8
continuous inspiration, encouragement, education, 5. Das R, Langou S, Le TT, Prasad P, Lin F, Nguyen TD.
clinical research, and coaching in accomplishing this Electrical stimulation for immune modulation in cancer
review manuscript. treatments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;9:795300.

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 32 doi: 10.36922/gtm.7774