Page 84 - IJAMD-1-1

International Journal of AI
for Material and Design MMDB: A comprehensive biofabrication database

Table 1. Searching expression to index papers on constructing human hearts.
Organ keywords Fabrication method keywords
Heart[Majr] Printing, Three-Dimensional[Majr] OR Bioprinting[Majr] OR Organoids[Majr] OR Bioartificial Organs[Majr] OR 3D Cell
Culture Techniques[Majr] OR Coculture Techniques[Majr] OR Organ Culture Techniques[Majr] OR Tissue Engineering/
Methods[Majr] OR Tissue Culture Techniques[Majr]

their respective organ keywords, is detailed in Tables S1-S4. For example, synonyms for embryonic stem cells include
In total, our collection encompasses 37 distinct human “ESCs,” “hESCs,” and “embryonic stem cells.” Regarding
organs, represented by a comprehensive compilation of 2D culture, synonyms such as “2D,” “monolayer,” and
5129 scholarly publications. “sandwich” were recognized. Prototype gelatin was
represented by synonyms like “Gelatin,” “Methacrylate
2.2. Identification of biofabrication elements Gelatin,” and “Gelatin-methacryloyl.” Subsequently, we
The process of biofabricating human organs principally adopted keyword localization to enumerate occurrences
involves three core components: cells, biomaterials, and in abstracts. If a keyword or its synonym appears in
manufacturing strategies. Biomaterials may sometimes be an abstract, the respective count for that specific cell,
excluded from the requirements, as seen in 2D culture and biomaterial, or manufacturing strategy increases by one.
some kinds of spheroid culture, which depend solely on Recurring appearances of the same keyword count as
cellular self-assembly. Based on this premise, we collated one, and different keywords are individually counted.
the frequency of cells, biomaterials, and manufacturing A comprehensive list of cell types, biomaterials, and
strategies used in pertinent studies. In particular, we manufacturing strategies, along with their respective
performed a quantitative exploration, identifying the most synonyms, is available in Tables S1-S4. Moreover, a
commonly utilized cells, biomaterials, and manufacturing connection was established between the statistics of the
strategies for each organ individually and collectively three fabrication elements and respective nations and
across the 37 organs. institutions, culminating in a frequency analysis of the
utilization of these elements across different nations and
Cell categorization divides cells into tissue-specific and institutions.
non-tissue-specific categories. Tissue-specific cells are
peculiar to a specific tissue, while non-tissue-specific cells 2.3. Machine learning models
encapsulate stem cells with the potential to differentiate In the field of biofabrication, researchers continually strive
into diverse cell types, contributing to various organ to identify optimal fabrication parameters to enhance the
functionalities. Concerning biomaterials, we classified morphology and functionality of biofabricated organs and
them into five groups, including natural hydrogels and tissues. This endeavor is particularly vital for experimental
derivatives, synthetic hydrogels, inorganic materials, design and optimization processes. To cater to this need,
bioactive molecules, synthetic polymer materials, and an we included the “machine learning models” module, which
“others” category. We referenced established classification provides two models: one for optimizing the printing
methods and accordingly subdivided manufacturing parameters during the biofabrication of tissues or organs,
strategies into 2D and 3D cultures, encompassing and the other for predicting organ functionality based on
four distinct sub-strategies. 26,27 2D culture represents various fabrication parameters used in biofabrication.
monolayer cultured tissues or organs, while 3D culture
includes spheroid-based, scaffold-based, and organ chips For the first model, the preliminary step involves filtering
methodologies for creating tissues or organs. To elaborate, publications that use 3D bioprinting to construct tissues
spheroid-based culture relies on cell self-assembly without or organs from the literature collected in Section 2.1. For
the necessity for biomaterials, scaffold-based culture each of the 37 organ types, we extracted data on the cells
and biomaterials used from the main text, considering
involves the use of artificial materials or natural hydrogels factors that might influence the printing parameters, such
as scaffolding, and organ chips refer to tissues or organs as coculture cells and post-modifications of biomaterials.
cultivated in microfluidic chips.
Subsequently, printing parameters specified in the included
We manually identified over 60 cell types, more than 120 articles were extracted, covering four frequently employed
biomaterials, and four distinct manufacturing strategies. bioprinting methods: extrusion, inkjet, laser-assisted,
Considering the variation in terminology usage among and stereolithography. These printing parameters
28
researchers, we incorporated abbreviations and synonyms encompassed aspects such as temperature, speed, pressure,
for specific cells, biomaterials, or manufacturing strategies. and nozzle diameter, among others.

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 78 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijamd.2420