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International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinting organoids for toxicity testing

Table 3. Continued...

Author Experimental Study Drug name Dosage Usage
method
Sarkar et al. In vitro drug Study G-2027-008: Evaluating the drug Paclitaxel 1 μg/mL Added to apical
(2009) [10] permeability permeability of paclitaxel using pancreatic cancer chamber, 24-
cell lines and other tumor types hour treatment
Yang et al. (2021) Gene editing Study H-2028-009: Assessing the gene-editing CRISPR-Cas9 N/A Transfection
[8] technology effects of CRISPR-Cas9 in pancreatic cancer cell of gene editing
lines and other tumor types tools, 72-hour
treatment
Capula et al. Cell–matrix Study I-2029-010: Investigating the impact of Albumin-bound 1 μg/mL Added to cell–
(2022) [9] interaction albumin-bound paclitaxel on cell-matrix interac- paclitaxel matrix culture
tion using pancreatic cancer cell lines and other medium
tumor types

realistic and accurate cell growth environment can be the diseases. Besides, in vitro pancreatic cancer models,
created to provide a more reliable platform for drug efficacy which can evaluate the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs,
evaluation and disease mechanism research. have been established with bioprinting. Compared with
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traditional PDX animal models, in vitro bioprinted models
4.3. Application of personalized 3D bioprinting are associated with higher accuracy in evaluations, lower
pancreatic tumors in the studies of anti-cancer drug experimental costs, and lower ethical issues. In addition,
resistance in vitro pancreatic cancer drug resistance models that can
Through bioprinting technology, some studies have reveal the response of different drugs to tumors have been
successfully constructed in vitro models that can simulate established, providing a new platform for the study of drug
tumor characteristics of patients. The personalized tumor resistance mechanisms. In summary, the application
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model could be used to understand the drug resistance of bioprinting facilitates the research and treatment of
profile of each patient, 84-88 specifically, by testing the pancreatic diseases, which in turn lays a strong foundation
efficacy of a series of drugs and selecting the most suitable for personalized medicine and drug development.
drug for treatment. Technological breakthroughs in cell
orientation, scaffold design, etc. further improve the 4.4. Future outlook
authenticity and reliability of bioprinted models (Figure 8). 3D bioprinting stands as a crucial technology for pancreatic
Utilization of personalized 3D-bioprinted pancreatic cancer modeling in future. Bioprinted tissue structure of
cancer model in screening allows for more accurate pancreatic cancer that can simulate the microenvironment
prediction of a patient’s tolerance to anti-cancer drugs, can be employed in the in-depth investigations on the
which is helpful for the precise personalized treatment, and pathogenesis, tumor growth, and treatment response.
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brings new prospects for anti-cancer drug development However, several limitations in the currently available
and treatment strategy optimization. 89-92 3D-bioprinted pancreatic cancer models await to be
The animal models with bioprinted pancreas are resolved. First of all, a balance needs to be struck between
categorized into several types: genetic models, chemically the complexity of the model and the biological similarity.
induced models, syngeneic models, xenogeneic models, Modeling the pancreatic cancer microenvironment
and PDX models. 93-96 Gene editing technology refers requires an integration of multiple cell types, vascular
to the use of specific enzymes or nucleic acid molecules systems, and cell–matrix interactions, which remains a
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to precisely add, delete, or replace the target gene, so technical challenge. Moreover, material selection and
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as to change its function or expression. Gene editing cell culture are also key issues. Further research is needed
technology can also be used to improve some diseases to identify materials that are both biocompatible and able
caused by environmental factors, including cancer. Genetic to meet the requirements of mechanical properties, as
models can be used to facilitate personalized treatment for well as to figure out ways to maintain the stable growth
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patients with pancreatic cancer. In addition, the in vitro of cells in the model. Future research can be carried
pancreatic cancer model can better simulate the tumor out from the following directions: First, more advanced
microenvironment in vivo and allow for the visual analysis 3D bioprinting technologies, such as light curing, multi-
of the progression and drug resistance of pancreatic cancer material printing, etc., should be explore to improve
(Figure 9). Some studies have constructed genetic model the accuracy and complexity of the model. Second, the
that recapitulated the genetic characteristics of pancreatic construction of mutant pancreatic cancer model using
diseases, providing a new way to study the mechanism of gene editing technology should be attempted to study

Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 135 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1256