Page 468 - IJB-10-1

International Journal of Bioprinting TPMS bone scaffold

1. Introduction The antibacterial ability and inflammatory regulation
are the functions of the white blood cells in the PRF. The
Mandibular defects caused by trauma, periodontal disease, reticular protein of PRF carries various growth factors,
alveolar bone resorption, or congenital malformation are such as VEGF, IGF, TGF-β1, and PDGF, which have been
1,2
difficult problems to solve in the clinic. If unrepaired, these shown to be involved in the recruitment of stem cells from
defects can result in limiting masticatory capability, loss of circulating blood. Current research indicates that PRF
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speech, and defacement, severely impacting the quality of derivatives exist in three forms, namely advanced platelet-
life for the patient. At present, the main clinical methods to
address the problem are distraction osteogenesis, guided rich fibrin (A-PRF), leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF),
bone tissue regeneration, and covered bone grafting to and I-PRF. All three forms have demonstrated the ability
repair the vertical defect with a serious insufficient residual to induce osteogenesis in human osteoblast cell lines in
15,21
height of alveolar bone during implant surgery. However, vitro. Additionally, research has shown that I-PRF has
3-5
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due to the high technical sensitivity, difficult operation, the potential to enhance early cell differentiation. Due to
increased incidence of complications, and unsatisfactory its beneficial role in bone transplantation, PRF has been
curative effect, the above surgical methods cannot be widely used in clinical and research settings. For example,
widely used in clinical practice. Moreover, although Aydinyurt et al. (2021) conducted a study where rats with
autologous transplantation has many advantages, it is periodontitis were treated by subgingival injection of
limited in the quantity of available material and carries the I-PRF. The study demonstrated the efficacy of I-PRF in
6
risk of causing morbidity at the donor site. On the other reducing bone loss, regulating inflammatory processes,
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hand, the use of allogeneic transplantation is hindered and influencing cytokines expression. In a retrospective
due to the risk of immunological rejection reactions and clinical study, 18 patients requiring vertical or horizontal
7
disease transmission. Therefore, research investigating bone regeneration prior to dental implantation underwent
the potential of harnessing composite biomaterial is guided bone regeneration to treat horizontal bone defects.
particularly important to meet unmet clinical needs. This study showed that the use of I-PRF could improve the
At present, the main challenge in bone transplantation outcomes of regeneration surgery and lead to successful
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lies in effectively accelerating the vascularization of the bone reinforcement. In addition, the combined application
grafted material. Thus, there is a growing body of research of I-PRF and autologous bone grafts has shown promising
investigating the use of different growth factors to promote results in reducing bone resorption and increasing bone
effective tissue healing. 8-10 volume and quality. 25,26 Moreover, in dentistry, I-PRF has
been shown to have a positive effect on the regeneration of
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is the second-generation wounds, periodontal tissue, bone, cartilage, and pulp. It also
platelet concentrate developed by Choukroun et al. in exhibits anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, and
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2000–2001. It possesses the characteristics of self-taking can accelerate tooth movement in orthodontic treatment.
and self-using, meaning that it is extracted centrifugally As a case in point, the use of I-PRF in regenerative surgical
from blood without the use of any other biological procedures can act as a protective agent against the lack of
agents or drugs. It exhibits various functions, including gingival tissue and expedite soft tissue healing. 28-30
promoting tissue regeneration, exhibiting antibacterial Besides promoting osteogenesis, effectively stimulating
properties, regulating inflammation, stimulating vascular neovascularization is critical for successfully repairing
regeneration, 12,13 and enhancing bone remodulation and critical-sized bone defects. The chemokine stromal cell-
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integration. As PRF is rich in a variety of growth factors, derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been shown to play a critical
including transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1), vascular role in the angiogenesis of tumors and damaged tissues. 32,33
endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic The existence of SDF-1 is conducive to angiogenesis at the
protein-1 (BMP-1), platelet-derived growth factors damaged site. 33,34 It can also promote the differentiation
(PDGFs), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF), it has been of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and bone marrow
shown to promote new bone formation, 15-17 accelerate bone mesenchymal stem cells into endothelial cells, accelerating
repair, and enhance bone reconstruction. Injectable platelet- the recovery of blood vessels, cartilage, and other tissues. 8,35,36
rich fibrin (I-PRF) is enriched with interleukin 10 (IL-10), a
cytokine involved in reducing inflammatory mediators and Composite materials offer irreplaceable advantages
prompting tissue regeneration. Its three-dimensional (3D) over single materials, 9,37,38 which can compensate for the
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network structure can prevent growth factors from being defects in the repair process and have become the focus of
degraded by proteases, thus slowly releasing these factors clinical attention. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)
and accelerating the healing and reconstruction of injured is a smooth, infinite, and non-self-intersecting periodic
tissues. Moreover, its 3D structure is also conducive to structure related to the symmetry of crystal space groups
facilitating cellular migration and cytokine enmeshment. in three main directions. TPMS bone scaffolds have high
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Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 460 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0153