Page 472 - IJB-10-1

International Journal of Bioprinting TPMS bone scaffold

properties, in recent years, many studies have reported MPa, while in the upper and lower directions, it was about
that TPMS geometries of metal and ceramic biomaterials 114 ± 78 MPa. For the 70% porosity scaffold, the elastic
exhibit the expected biomechanical tolerance behavior modulus was about 500 MPa. The study by van Eijden
57
within the bone tissue environment and that TPMS has showed that the compressive strength of the mandible
been confirmed to have good mechanical properties. 49-51 was between 1 and 20 MPa, and that of the 70% porosity
I-PRF and TPMS scaffolds complement each other’s scaffold was 5 MPa. The structure, elasticity, and strength of
shortcomings. Therefore, loading I-PRF on a TPMS scaffold the scaffolds accord with the physiological characteristics
is beneficial to osteoblast proliferation and promoting bone of the cancellous bone of the mandible, which is beneficial
repair. In addition, SDF-1 has the function of recruiting to supporting function.
cytokines and promoting osteocyte differentiation and The elastic modulus of the bone scaffolds loaded
angiogenesis, so it can be used as a scaffold coating for with different components was evaluated (Figure 2B).
bone regeneration. Therefore, in this study, we developed The elastic modulus of the TPMS scaffold was 461.090 ±
a TPMS scaffold bone regeneration material loaded with 24.909 MPa, the IT scaffold was 505.837 ± 19.838 MPa,
I-PRF and SDF-1 (Figure 1).
the ST scaffold was 514.052 ± 11.007 MPa, and the SIT
Before selecting the TPMS scaffold, it is important to scaffold was 627.188 ± 31.823 MPa. The elastic modulus of
determine the appropriate pore size, another significant SIT bone scaffold was significantly higher when compared
parameter that affects the biological response of the TPMS to that of the T (TPMS bone scaffold) (P < 0.0001), IT
structure. 52,53 Previous studies showed that the scaffolds (P < 0.001), and ST (P < 0.001) groups. The results showed
with 70% porosity exhibited the best biocompatibility and that the compressive strength of the composite scaffolds
degradation rate and could promote cell proliferation. increased with the addition of I-PRF and SDF-1. The
54
Castro et al. (2019) also demonstrated that bone tissue findings confirm that the SIT scaffold exhibited the highest
engineering scaffolds with 70% porosity play an important elastic modulus among the scaffold groups, which is similar
role in promoting cell differentiation and proliferation in to cancellous bone (51.2–512 MPa). The compressive
relation to the tissue and the substrate material. Therefore, strength of the bone scaffolds was measured using the
55
in this study, scaffolds with 70% porosity as the main body universal mechanical testing machine (Figure 2C). The
of the composite biomaterial were created. compression intensity of the TPMS scaffold was 9.595 ±
0.558 MPa, the IT scaffold was 10.111 ± 0.559 MPa, the ST
Figure 2A shows an oblique view of the 3D-printed scaffold was 11.081 ± 1.128 MPa, and the SIT bone scaffold
70% porosity TPMS bone scaffold, as well as an image of was 11.571 ± 2.069 MPa. The SIT scaffold exhibited the
the SIT scaffold loaded with I-PRF and SDF-1. SEM was highest compression strength when compared to that of
used to observe the microstructure of the stents loaded the T (P < 0.01), IT (P < 0.01), and ST (P < 0.05) groups.
with different components in each group. As shown in The results show that with the addition of I-PRF and SDF-
Figure 2D, the three-cycle minimal curved 3D-printed 1, the compression strength of the composite bone scaffold
bone scaffold presents a curved multi-pore structure as a increased, with the SIT bone scaffold exhibiting the highest
whole, with uniform distribution of pore diameter, smooth compression intensity, similar to the compression intensity
pore wall, and mutual communication between pores, of cancellous bone (2–12 MPa). As the SDF-1 solution
which are conducive parameters to cell growth. After was mixed with I-PRF, the rough and crystalline surface
adding I-PRF, the surface of the scaffold was rougher, which of the SIT scaffold was observed through SEM, as seen in
was conducive to cell adhesion and growth (Figure 5A). Figure 2D, and we hypothesized that the I-PRF attached
to the scaffolds enhanced the mechanical properties of
According to the literature, previous studies have
treated cancellous bone as homogeneous material in order the scaffolds, resulting in a higher elastic model of the
SIT scaffolds than that of the other groups. Although the
to conduct compression experiments and obtain various elastic modulus of SIT scaffolds was slightly higher than
biomechanics performance indexes of the mandibular that of TPMS, IT and ST Scaffolds. SIT scaffolds exhibited
cancellous bone. This can provide a certain reference for enhanced capabilities in promoting cell proliferation and
designing the load-bearing capacity of the support. The osteogenic angiogenesis. Taken together, it is clear that the
elastic modulus of the cancellous bone in the edentulous addition of both I-PRF and SDF-1 to the TPMS scaffold
mandible in three directions was obtained through the improved the mechanical properties and enhanced its
pressure experiments conducted by O’Mahony et al. potential clinical efficacy.
(2000). The cancellous bone in the edentulous mandible
56
exhibited the highest elastic modulus in the near and far The release of growth factors in I-PRF was simulated
direction, with an average of 907 ± 849 MPa. In the buccal- using a methylene blue solution (Figure 2E). In the first 10 h,
lingual direction, the elastic modulus was about 511 ± 565 a burst release was observed, reaching 37.82%, then slowly

Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 464 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0153