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International Journal of Bioprinting TPMS bone scaffold

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of cell adhesion on the scaffolds. Osteoblasts can be seen to adhere and stretch on the scaffold surface. Note: The
“red arrow” indicates cells. Notes: IT, TPMS scaffold loaded with I-PRF; SIT, TPMS scaffold loaded with I-PRF and SDF-1; ST, TPMS scaffold loaded with
SDF-1; T, TPMS scaffold.
Next, the influence of different scaffold compositions of ALP and demonstrating the best immune regulatory
on cellular migration was evaluated. The results showed osteogenic effect. After 21 days of osteogenic culture,
that the migration rate was significantly enhanced in all calcium deposition was evaluated using Alizarin red
scaffold groups compared to that of the blank control after staining. Similarly, the Alizarin red staining results in
24 h of incubation (P < 0.0001). The addition of SDF- Figure 6B indicate that the SIT scaffold group had the
1 slightly increased the migration rate compared to the strongest staining and the most number of calcium
based TPMS scaffold, although not significantly (P > 0.05). nodules when compared to the other test groups and the
Interestingly, the addition of I-PRF significantly promoted untreated control. Quantitative analysis was conducted
the migration rate when compared to the T and ST group on the number of calcium nodules in the Alizarin red
(P < 0.0001), while the SIT group exhibited the highest staining experiment (Figure 6D) and the vascular network
migration rate when compared to the other groups (P < in the angiogenesis experiment, respectively. The results
0.0001) (Figure 5B and D). showed that the SIT scaffold had the best osteogenic and
angiogenic effects (Figure 6E).
3.4. The effects on stimulating osteogenesis and The process of neovascularization is critical in effective
angiogenesis in vitro bone fracture healing. 31,63 Endothelial cell migration is
To investigate the effects of different scaffold compositions an important prerequisite for angiogenesis. Thus, we
on osteogenic differentiation, the activity of ALP, an investigated the effects of different component materials
early marker of osteogenesis, was evaluated. After 14 on HUVEC tube formation (Figure 6C) and analyzed
62
days of osteogenic culture, ALP staining was performed. the experimental results through ImageJ (Figure 6E).
Figure 6A shows that the SIT group displayed the strongest Compared with untreated cells, the groups added with
staining for ALP when compared to the other test groups biomaterials significantly promoted the formation of
and the untreated control, indicating the highest activity vascular rings (P < 0.05).

Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 468 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0153