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International Journal of Bioprinting dECM bioink for in vitro disease modeling

cells in the tissue. Details concerning ECM composition 4. Application of tissue-derived
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are available in a number of databases, such as the Human decellularized extracellular matrix to
Protein Atlas, PANTHER, and MatrisomeDB. disease modeling by 3D bioprinting
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Analysis of dECM protein composition data available on
these databases could shed light on the similarity between Under the current state of technology, fabricating disease
human-derived ECM and other species-derived ECM, and models that perfectly mimic the function of an actual
the physiologic effect of each protein on cell behavior. human organ and its pathological mechanism is still not
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The physical properties of the dECM are also important possible, posing a major challenge to the fabrication
for assessing the recapitulation of native tissue properties of 3D-bioprinted models. Nonetheless, accumulating
or intended mechanical properties from an engineering evidence has proved that disease models generated by
viewpoint. To investigate the mechanical properties of the 3D bioprinting with dECM bioinks can simulate the
dECM, several methods can be used, such as scanning microenvironments of organs. The human body consists
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electron microscopy, rheological analysis, and stress–strain of eight systems, with each made of various tissues. In
analysis. The type of analysis is dictated by the target organ. this review, we focus on the models that mimic nervous,
For example, stiff tissues such as bone and cartilage require cardiovascular, liver, and respiratory tissues, and their
mechanical analyses, such as tensile and compressive similarity in biological function to actual organs. Moreover,
tests. Rheological analysis of soft tissues, including the the disease models for these tissues are discussed. Table 4
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brain, liver, and pancreas, is required to find out the tissue’s summarizes the in vitro models made with dECM bioinks.
stiffness, which is a determinant for selecting a suitable
condition for cellular differentiation. 131-133 In addition, the 4.1. Nervous tissue-derived decellularized
dECM concentration in the solubilization process affects extracellular matrix
the stiffness of the hydrogel. Thus, it is necessary to have a The nervous system encompasses both the central and
complete picture of the physical properties and the stiffness peripheral nervous systems, which are constituted
of the target organs before adjustment can be conducted by by tissues and organs such as brain, spinal cord, and
controlling the concentration of dECM. peripheral neural networks. The nervous system
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Table 4. Summary of various in vitro models based on dECM bioinks
Target tissue/ Bioinks Cell type Target disease Ref.
organ
Brain tumor Porcine brain-derived dECM Patient-derived glioblastoma Glioblastoma 141
Brain Porcine brain-derived dECM Human neural stem cells Traumatic brain injury 253
Sciatic nerve Porcine sciatic nerve-derived No cells encapsulated (host tissue integration) Peripheral nerve injury 254
dECM
Sciatic Nerve Rat sciatic nerve-derived dECM Rat Schwann cells Peripheral nerve injury 255
(in vitro evaluation)
Artery Porcine aortic tissue Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human Atherosclerosis 106
coronary artery smooth muscle cells, human
dermal fibroblasts, human monocytes
Heart/Cardiac Human omenta Cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells differen- Heart regeneration 256
tissues tiated from human-induced pluripotent stem
cells (iPSCs)
Liver Liver-derived dECM-based hybrid Human hepatocarcinoma cells Liver epithelial-to-mesenchy- 184
bioink mal transition process
Liver Gelatin, liver-derived dECM Human hepatocytes, human umbilical vein Liver fibrosis 186
endothelial cells, human hepatic stellate cells
Airway Airway mucosa-derived dECM, Human dermal microvascular endothelial Asthma 215
Matrigel cells, human lung fibroblasts, human tracheal
epithelial cells
Trachea Tracheal mucosa-derived dECM, Bronchial/Tracheal epithelial Tracheal inflammatory 216
vascular-derived dECM cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, disease
human eosinophil cells, human monocytes
Abbreviation: dECM, decellularized extracellular matrix.

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 142 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1970