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International Journal of Bioprinting dECM bioink for in vitro disease modeling

pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress be utilized to create a disease-specific microenvironment,
syndrome (ARDS), and asthma. Under chronic which can be employed to develop disease-specific tissue
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inflammation, ECM components are altered, causing models. By virtue of these functions, dECMs are used
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mechanical stress, which leads to the release of contractile to build platforms that can respond to a variety of stimuli
agonists and attenuates fiber remodeling. Ultimately, for investigations of disease mechanisms and potential
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the structure of the respiratory tissue is altered, treatments, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of
narrowing the airways and irreversibly damaging lung new drugs. In fact, many platforms for specific organs have
function. Bronchodilators and steroids are mainly used been created, and some have been commercialized.
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to relieve the symptoms of respiratory diseases but are The potential of dECMs for use in drug testing and
not fundamental treatments; thus, this underscores the development has been validated for various tissues and
urgency in developing fundamental treatments that can organs, including periodontal tissue, cornea, and
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abrogate changes in the composition of the ECM. In orthopedic tissue. For example, Yang et al. developed
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summary, ECM composition distinctive to the respiratory a dental follicle-derived dECM and mixed it with
tissues is implicated in the regulation of gas exchange, 82
immune response, and progression of respiratory disease, methacrylate gelatin to create a hybrid bioink. Hybrid
underlining more in-depth, comprehensive investigations bioinks are used to fabricate in vitro periodontal constructs
into ECM composition in relation to disease mechanisms. via digital light processing-based 3D bioprinting. The
dECM, which contains dental follicular cells, optimized
2.3. Applicability of decellularized the structural characteristics of the periodontal tissue
extracellular matrix and maximized the physiological response in toxicology
The dECM is an important biomaterial used in tissue research. Kim et al. fabricated an in vitro corneal construct
engineering and has pharmaceutical potential. using gelatinized cornea-derived dECM (Co-dECM) and
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Representative dECM functions include the provision confirmed the construct delivered satisfactory therapeutic
of tissue-specific microenvironments, pharmaceutical outcomes. The gelatinized Co-dECM was suitable for
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potential, and usability as bioink for 3D bioprinting. 15,28,76 simulating the corneal microenvironment and could
Because the dECM originally contains most of the be applied to precise drug screening and testing. Chae
ECM of an organ, it provides signals for cell survival, et al. developed a tendon-derived dECM and bone-
function maintenance, and differentiation. It also acts derived dECM, and fabricated a tendon–bone interface
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as a substrate for cell–cell interactions and regulates cell (TBI) structure containing cells from each dECM bioink
behavior. Additionally, dECM bioink plays important via extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Through the
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roles in pharmaceutical potential, such as drug screening reproduction of the TBI gradient with structural integrity
and therapy. Finally, dECMs can be used as a hydrogel using dECM bioinks, the success probability of rotator cuff
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bioink for 3D bioprinting to fabricate 3D cell-containing tear treatment was significantly increased. Additionally, by
structures with optimized microenvironments. The reproducing TBI gradients more precisely, the likelihood
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primary applications of the dECM are explained in further of success in drug screening and discovery can be
detail in the following subsections. significantly increased.
2.3.1. Potential of decellularized extracellular matrix As such, dECMs have huge potential in drug screening
in drug testing and development and discovery for various organs. However, it is not
Biomaterials, including scaffolds that can guide and known exactly which components of the dECM mimic the
support cells, are required for building platforms for drug microenvironment of each organ and enable the potential
testing. The dECM contains most of the components in drug screening and discovery. Thus, analytical
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of numerous biomaterials, such as collagen and laminin, methods such as proteomics are being used to determine
which are often used for organ/tissue formation and the overall components of the dECM of each organ and
maintenance. Therefore, dECM bioink has considerable the specific components that contribute to this particular
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potential across various areas of drug development and potential. 16,85 Additionally, the components of dECMs
therapeutic applications. The dECMs can help create derived from different organs are distinct, implying that
a microenvironment similar to that of each organ to an organ-derived dECM can recapitulate the specific
support cells and enhance cell proliferation. Moreover, microenvironment of the corresponding organ. Therefore,
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in response to physiological changes or damage caused by to fabricate an organ-specific platform, a dECM derived
multiple external stimuli, dECM-mediated stress regulates from the same organ should be used. In the future, to use
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cell proliferation and phenotypes to maintain tissue dECMs for the fabrication of more diverse organ platforms
homeostasis. Additionally, patient-derived dECM can and realize their potential for drug screening and discovery,
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Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 137 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1970