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International Journal of Bioprinting Coronavirus-infected bioprinted intestine

also provide protection against intestinal infection and cell types. Moreover, under certain culture conditions,
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potential fecal shedding. This valuable knowledge can intestinal organoids are capable of virtually indefinite
guide vaccine development and strategies to improve propagation. 16,17 Additionally, these organoids recapitulate
overall vaccine efficacy. the in vivo tissue architecture, displaying multiple cell type
heterogeneity and interactions in an in vitro setting (Figure
3. Utilization of intestinal organoid in 2A). When fully developed, human intestinal organoids
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studying human coronavirus infection can form crypt and villi domains that house intestinal stem
cells, progenitors, and differentiated enterocytes. The
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3.1. Intestinal organoids high-throughput scalability and physiological relevance
Intestinal organoids, which are 3D structures derived from of intestinal organoids make them valuable tools for
human intestinal stem cells, provide a physiologically- studying disease phenotypes and screening potential
relevant representation of the intestinal epithelium. drug candidates. 14,19,20
These organoids were among the first successfully
established, and their development has paved the way for Given their advantages, intestinal organoids have been
the establishment of protocols for other organoid types extensively utilized to model pathogen–host interactions
and yielded remarkable findings in the field of intestinal in the human intestine with various types of pathogens. 21,22
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research. One of the key advantages of intestinal For example, Heo et al. established an infection model
organoids is their composition, which includes multi- of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium using human
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potent tissue-specific stem cells and differentiated daughter small intestinal organoids. Bartfeld et al. successfully

Figure 2. Employing intestinal organoids to investigate HCoV infection in the intestinal context. (A) Well-developed intestinal organoids mirror the
complexity of in vivo intestinal structures, encompassing distinct cell types and architectural features such as crypt and villi domains (created with
Biorender.com). (B) The versatility of organoid systems facilitates the exploration of pathogen–host dynamics using techniques like microinjection, apical-
out organoid assays, and organoid dissociation approaches (created with Biorender.com). Studies employing intestinal organoids have (C) elucidated the
role of TMPRSS2 as a co-factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection (reprinted under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license), (D) probed the impact
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of interferons on restraining SARS-CoV-2 infection (reprinted under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license), and (E) unveiled
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inflammatory responses triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection (licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license and
reprinted with permission granted by American Association for the Advancement of Science). 30
Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 168 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1704