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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing technology in neurotrauma

Table 3. (Continued.....)
Applications Biomaterials Cell type Printing Design In vitro/In vivo Strategies Ref.
method
Spinal cord injuries HBC/HA/MA NSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell 164
Spinal cord injuries GelMa/PEGDA NPCs μCPP Scaffold In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell 163
Spinal cord injuries GelMA/HAMA NSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell 165
Spinal cord injuries Collagen/Silk NSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell 71
fibroin
Spinal cord injuries Collagen/Silk EMSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell 171
fibroin
Nervous system Al-CMC-Ag NSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro Com. bm + Stem cell 63
injuries
Spinal cord injuries SPCL/Gellan OLGs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Neural cell 180
gum
Peripheral nerve Sodium alginate/ SCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Neural cell 179
injuries Gelatin
Spinal cord injuries Sodium alginate/ NSCs/OLGs Extrusion Scaffold In vivo Com. bm + Multiple cells 181
Gelatin
Spinal cord injuries GelMA BMSCs/SCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Multiple cells 182
Spinal cord injuries PEDOT: CSMA, NSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell + 129
TA/GP Physical regulation
Spinal cord injuries GelMA/Ac-β- NSCs Extrusion Scaffold In vitro + In vivo Com. bm + Stem cell + 184
CD/OSMI-4 Small molecule
Abbreviations: Ac-β-CD, acrylated β-cyclodextrins; ADSCs, Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Al-CMC-Ag, alginate-carboxymethyl
chitosan-agarose; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ; DPSCs, dental pulp stem cells; dECM, decellularized extracellular matrix; EMSCs,
ectomesenchymal stem cells; GelMA, gelatin methacryloyl; GP, gelatin/polyethylene glycol; HA, hyaluronic acid; HAMA, hyaluronic acid methacrylate;
HBC, hydroxypropyl chitosan; iPSCs, Induced pluripotent stem cells; LDM, low temperature deposition manufacturing; MA, Matrigel; NSCs, neural
stem cells; PCL, polycaprolactone; PDA-gold/PCL, gold/polycaprolactone nanocomposite coated with polydopamine; PEDOT:CSMA, TA, a novel
polyphenol-doped conductive polymer; PEDOT:PSS, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate; PEGDA, poly (ethylene glycol)
diacrylate; PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; syn.bm, synthetic biomaterial; SAMA, Sodium alginate-Matrigel; SCs, Schwann cells; SPCL, starch/poly-e-
caprolactone; μCPP, microscale continuous projection printing.

In addition, when combined with cells to treat neurotrauma, Here, we reviewed several natural and synthetic
they have a specific nutritional and protective effect on biomaterials used in 3D printing for neurotrauma treatment.
transplanted cells. In the study of neurotrauma, many
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natural biomaterials and synthetic biomaterials have been 3.1.1. Natural biomaterials
combined with 3D printing methods, including collagen, Natural materials come from substances that exist in
silk fibroin, chitosan, gelatin poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, nature and could be classified into polysaccharides, such
poly-e-caprolactone, etc. Biomaterials for use in the as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and alginate, and protein/
peptides, such as collagen, gelatin, and silk fibroin.
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nervous system need to be biocompatible, degradable, and Besides, hydrogels based on natural ECM, such as Matrigel
have appropriate mechanical properties. Biocompatibility and decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), can
ensures low immune reactivity and cytotoxicity, also be classified as natural biomaterials. Many of these
degradability ensures that the constructs can be removed materials have been applied to treat neurotrauma by 3D
from injured tissue at a rate suitable for tissue regeneration, printing technology.
and appropriate mechanical properties ensure that the
injured area will not collapse during normal activities, 3.1.1.1. Collagen
nor will it generate excessive stress that affects normal Serving as the main protein component of the ECM,
tissues. The challenges for biomaterials in neurotrauma collagen is highly flexible and is an important natural
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include reducing inflammation, reducing scar formation, protein-based biomaterial. Collagen is involved in the
improving nerve regeneration and axonal growth, and morphological maintenance of the ECM, so it is significant
guiding axons to the damaged area. for the morphological reconstruction of the ECM and the
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Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 70 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2311