Page 141 - IJB-10-4

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing innovations against infection

its surface with PDA. Subsequently, they adsorbed poly- antibacterial activity. Compared with the undoped Cu-HA
lactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres containing scaffolds, the Cu-HA scaffolds treated with 5% CUSO 4
vancomycin onto this scaffold. Through cell viability exhibited higher mechanical properties and antibacterial
testing, it was observed that rabbit bone mesenchymal effects. In addition to the aforementioned elements Li, Sr,
stem cells adhered and proliferated significantly higher and Cu, there are also elements such as Mn, Fe, and Co,
on this PCL/PDA scaffold than on the unmodified PCL which have shown remarkable potential in 3D-printed
scaffold. Moreover, this composite scaffold demonstrated bioceramic scaffolds, significantly enhancing the biological
sustained release of vancomycin for at least 4 weeks. This properties of these scaffolds. The introduction of these
study indicated that the 3D-printed PDA-coated PCL elements endowed the scaffolds with special functionalities
scaffold carrying vancomycin-loaded PLGA microspheres such as antimicrobial and antitumor efficacy. 123
exhibited excellent biocompatibility and sustained
antimicrobial effects. With technological advancements, Antimicrobial materials that are 3D-printed play an
biodegradable polymer scaffolds are now being developed important role in the treatment of cartilage. Inflammation
to carry antibiotics, holding promise in eradicating and destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) due to
osteomyelitis and promoting bone tissue regeneration. cartilage damage is one of the main causes of osteoarthritis
Such scaffolds are viewed as a potential antibiotic delivery (OA), a chronic disease that affects hundreds of millions
solution in bone tissue engineering. Using monomers of people worldwide. While conventional treatments are
119
that inhibit biofilm formation, He et al. developed new limited by the ability of cartilage tissue to self-repair, the
21
ink formulations, as structural components, that are introduction of 3D-printed antimicrobial materials offers
124
fully compatible with inkjet 3D printing. Poly TCDMDA new perspectives for cartilage therapy. The natural
(tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate) printing material regional organization of hyaline cartilage can be mimicked
was found to reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by depositing cell-inoculated bioinks in a layer-by-layer
formation by almost 99% compared to medical-grade fashion using an extrusion-based process. Mesenchymal
silicone. Additionally, the integration of 3D printing with stem cells (MSCs), as a promising source of cells for
orthopedic implants allows for drug loading through cartilage tissue engineering, have good proliferation and
porous structures or microchannels inside the implant. differentiation potential, especially in cartilage formation.
Kim et al. presented an innovative 3D-printed liner This makes them suitable candidates for cartilage
95
125
designed for knee arthroplasty, utilizing PLA as the lining reconstruction. Three-dimensional printing technology
material. Controlled antibiotic release was achieved by can precisely design and fabricate cartilage tissues with
incorporating different fillers during the 3D printing complex structures to mimic their natural structure
process, which was subsequently filled with a tetracycline and biological cues. At the same time, the application of
solution. In comparison to traditional PMMA, this liner antimicrobial materials gives these 3D-printed cartilages
exhibits higher strength and lower brittleness, and considers properties that inhibit biofilm formation, helping to
patient’s anatomical structure for better adaptability. reduce the risk of infection. This comprehensive treatment
approach is expected to improve the adaptability and
4.1.3. Improvements in the structure of the long-term results of the treatment and provide a more
3D printing self-materials effective solution for cartilage repair. Thus, the role of
126
Trace elements like lithium, copper, and strontium, 3D-printed antimicrobial materials in cartilage treatment
incorporated into bone tissue through 3D orthopedic is not only in the customization and precision of the
implants, demonstrate outstanding antimicrobial effects, medical devices they create, but also in the incorporation
enhance biocompatibility, and effectively prevent microbial of antimicrobial properties, which provide patients with
adhesion and biofilm formation. Copper ion doping a more comprehensive therapeutic guarantee, improve
120
in implants plays a crucial role in antimicrobial activity, their quality of life, and alleviate the symptoms of diseases
inhibiting bacterial adhesion and reducing infection risk associated with cartilage damage.
by disrupting microbial cell membranes and interfering
with cellular metabolism. Copper ions emerge as ideal 4.1.4. Other technologies applied to
trace elements, offering an effective avenue for designing 3D-printed scaffolds
orthopedic implants with enhanced antimicrobial The limitations associated with antibiotic coatings, such
properties, thus opening new possibilities for medical as restricted diffusion of antibiotics into peri-implant
applications. Tripathi et al. successfully prepared tissue and dose-dependent antibiotic activity, have
122
121
copper-doped hydroxyapatite scaffolds by ion exchange galvanized the spontaneous emergence of alternative
and 3D printing techniques. The Cu in the scaffolds can antimicrobial approaches, melamine, human serum
2+
effectively kill bacteria and endow the scaffolds with strong albumin (HSA), and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). 127-129

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 133 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2338