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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting of full-thickness skin with a rete ridge structure

Figure 1. Computational fluid analysis for rete ridge structure precursor cartridge optimization. (A) A three-dimensional (3D) model with actual
dimensions applied in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, and the Poincaré map of the height direction for the fluid flow simulation
results. Red marks indicate the sacrificial ink, i.e., alginate. (B) A precursor cartridge with a simple architecture capable of creating a fissure structure
within extruded strands and the results of predicted fissure structure within the extruded strand using the CFD method (C) The final precursor cartridge
architecture designed via the CFD method and the results of CFD. (D) The cross-sectional structure of extruded strands using a precursor cartridge is
determined in (C). (E) Comparison between CFD-predicted and experimentally produced results for the width and depth of the fissure.

difficult. 20,26,27 Figure 2D displays the preset extruded strand was rapidly flattened on the flat dermis layer owing
strand with a fissure on the preprinted flat dermis layer. to the surface tension, resulting in random distortion of
However, in this case, although the fissure was formed at the fissure. Therefore, before preset printing, we created
the end of the printing nozzle (Figure 2C), the circular semicircular furrows with a depth of 1000 µm on the

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 492 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3961