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Shpichka, et al.

Figure 3. Designing an “ideal” tissue model to study severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
2 infection. BME – basement memebrane extract; BP – bioprinting; BV – blood vessel; ECM – extracellular
matrix; GelMA – gelatin methacrylated; GMHA – glycidyl methacrylated hyaluronic acid; MC – microfluidic
chamber (chip); PEG – polyethylene glycol; PEGMA – polyethylene glycol monoacrylate; SARS-CoV-2 –
severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2; SIS – small intestinal submucosa.

the heart. Engineering cardiac tissues requires particular success which is mostly related to
the restoration of their functionality. To date, engineering miniaturized kidney models [125-129] .
there is a number of successful studies that can Particularly, Homan et al. bioprinted renal
be used as a base. Particularly, Maiullari et al. proximal tubules placed into a microfluidic chip
bioprinted a cardiac vascularized construct from and showed that such model had the typical
hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and umbilical epithelial morphology and was sensitive to
vein endothelial cells. This construct had native cyclosporine A [127] . King et al. fabricated an in vitro
tissue-like morphology and successfully grafted multicellular model consisting of renal fibroblasts,
with host tissues and vasculature [121] . Zhang endothelial cells, and proximal tubule epithelial
et al. showed a complex approach to fabricate a cells and revealed its susceptibility to cisplatin in a
vascularized-myocardium-on-a-chip, which was dose-dependent manner and response to TGFβ [130] .
able to contract, using the combination of both The liver is also challenging for bioprinting
bioprinting and microfluidics [122] . mainly because of its complex structure that
The kidneys play a crucial role in includes microvasculature and innervation [131] .
COVID-19 [123,124] , but its biofabrication remains an However, there is a number of studies achieved
appealing goal. For sure, scientists have achieved good results in the restoration of the liver

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