Page 21 - IJB-6-4

Shpichka, et al.
reagents is relatively low that makes high-throughput
Ref. [52] screening easier and cheaper . Such models
[56]
are flexible to be automated [57,58] , providing the
possibility for real-time monitoring [59,60] . Moreover,
they allow culturing cells in physiologically relevant
dynamic conditions and controlling them .
[61]
Environment significantly influenced the • The integrated spatial model was developed Cell motility and density determined the efficiency and way of the virus distribution 3 In vitro tissue models for modeling an infection
Particularly, such system was tested to study the
mechanism of the fusion of feline coronavirus with
host cell membrane .
[62]

caused by different viruses

3.1 Respiratory viruses

Outcomes transmission way Tissue models that are used to study respiratory
viral infections vary and include both monolayer
cultures and functional airway organoids, enabling
to obtain reliable data on virus infectivity, targets,
•
•
and drug efficacy. Coronaviruses, a group of
respiratory viruses, mostly infect epithelial cells
Fabrication method Encapsulation BHK-21: Baby hamster kidney-21, EBV: Epstein–Barr virus, FCoV: Feline coronavirus, HBV: Hepatitis B virus, HCMV: Human cytomegalovirus, HCV: Hepatitis C virus, hESCs: Human embryonic stem cells, HFF: Human foreskin fibroblasts, HIV-1: Human immunodeficiency virus-1, hNVECs: Human normal vaginal epithelial cells, hPH: Human primary hepatocytes, hPIECs: Human primary intestinal epithelial cells hPSAECs: Human primary sma
recent studies are based on organoids as a tissue
model. For instance, Monteil et al. revealed
[8]
the efficacy of human recombinant soluble
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 against SARS-
CoV-2 using infected blood vessel and kidney
organoids. Moreover, intestinal organoids were
used to prove that the intestine is a target organ
Biomaterial Collagen for MERS-CoV . Study of IAV using monolayer
[49]
cultures fails to recapitulate the natural clustered
pattern of disease transmission, but bioprinted
3D model was shown to be more relevant .
[54]
Using bioprinting, it was revealed that even
geometrical position can significantly influence
cell susceptibility to the virus . Screening of
[55]
drugs against RSV infection and detecting its
pathogenesis was also successfully performed
using airway and lung bud organoids
.
[46,47]
Table 1. (Continued). Tissue model Cells Human immunodeficiency virus Primary human CD4+ HIV-1 T-lymphocytes CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 3.2 Hepatotropic viruses [63]
The hepatotropic viruses include different types
and hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses, which
are the most common causes of viral hepatitis
leading to liver failure worldwide . Hepatitis
B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)
induce chronic liver inflammation that results in

Virus International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 4 17