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Bioprinting, microfluidics, and organoids to defeat COVID-19

Figure 1. Bioprinting, microfluidics, and organoids as tools to defeat coronavirus disease 2019.

first anti-influenza drug, amantadine , and other enables the extrapolation of results and detection
[18]
antivirals [19-23] . Phage-based drugs are particularly of virus targets and pathogenesis. For instance,
interesting as a therapeutic agent to treat multidrug- type-I interferon receptor-deficient mice were
resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus engineered and used to study the Zika virus entry
[29]
aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa [24,25] , and to process . Moreover, handling rodents are easy
modify microbiota to decrease specific microbial and low-cost; they reproduce rapidly, have small
populations . sizes, can accustom to standard diet, and do not
[26]
require much space. However, their use is limited
2.2 Animals because of species-determined differences in
anatomy, pathophysiology, immune response ,
[27]
Animals are widely applied to study viral infections and host-determined virus infectivity .
[28]
and antivirals. Among them, rodent models are Another well-established animal model is
the most common, especially used in studies to ferrets, which are susceptible to most human
reveal features of respiratory diseases caused by respiratory viruses [3,4,28,30] . Their respiratory tract
IAV and RSV [27,28] . Their advantages include the is very similar to human’s, and they manifest
possibility to use standardized animals that allow a wide range of clinical signs . Therefore,
[31]
comparison and analysis of data obtained from they have become a good model to test antiviral
different experiments. They are well-characterized drugs. Particularly, using them, the efficacy of
and can be easily modified to delete particular lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate,
genes or transfer them from other species that and emtricitabine-tenofovir was proven for

12 International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 4