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3D-printed bioreactors for in vitro modeling and analysis
bioreactors built by SLA and material jetting were
Ref. [62] [21] [63] used for long-term culture that mimicked the
rhamnosus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, C. reinhardtii: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, M. aeruginosa: Microcystis aeruginosa, D. tertiolecta: Dunaliella tertiolecta, C. closterium:
shape and dimensions of a standard commercial
3D: Three-dimensional, FDM: Fused deposition modeling, E. coli: Escherichia coli, S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus, S. typhimurium: Salmonella typhimurium, P. putida: Pseudomonas putida, L. rhamnosus: Lactobacillus
Bacteria used Microbial inoculum Biofilm Biofilm of nitrifying bacteria resin materials were tested, of which only MED610
polystyrene tube . Ten different 3D-printable
[49]
(ISO-certified biocompatible), VeroClear, and
Frosted Acrylic exhibited no significant bacteria
growth inhibition. Other materials were unsuitable
Bioreactor for wastewater wastewater treatment wastewater treatment deposition of particles inside the bioreactor after
because of rapid media evaporation (elastoplastic),
sticky residue formation (Extreme Detail),

storage (White Strong and Flexible), physical
Application treatment Biofilm reactor for Biofilm reactor for growth rates of bacteria cells (ClearV2, Flexible
instability (TangoBlack), and drastically reduced

and Tango Plus). In a later study, an SLA-printed
bioreactor in the form of a disk (Formlabs) was
tested for biotoxicity effects of resins on bacteria

resin .
[48]
3D construct developed 40-mL anaerobic digester Bio-carrier sphere Gyroid media carrier and suggested a dose-response relationship to
2.2.2 3D-printed bioreactor for pathogen
detection

Undesired pathogen contamination in water, food,
and blood poses a great public health threat. Rapid
detection and separation of bacterial pathogens
are therefore necessary in the field of food
industry, clinical diagnostics, and environment
[65]
Material Formlabs Clear FLGPCL02 Nylon FS3200PA Acrylate-based monomer resin quality control to ensure safety . To monitor and
quantify the presence of microbes, the design and
fabrication of new 3D-printed diagnostic devices
have been the focus of these areas. Considering the
importance of an appropriate pathogen detection
Possible reason for choice of printer Affordable, high resolution, high accuracy Good mechanical properties High resolution Cylindrotheca closterium, L. lactis: Lactococcus lactis, B. cereus: Bacillus cereus, ABS: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene system, several studies had combined the 3D-
printed bioreactors with detection methods such as
calorimetry, bioluminescence, polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), electrochemical, and contactless
conductivity for bacteria sensing. Colorimetric
detection is a rapid, easy-to-operate technique
capable of simple visual detection. A material
Table 2. (Continued). Printer model Printing technique Form 1 3D-printer FARSOON 251 3D-printer Objet30 Material 3D-printer jetting extrusion-based 3D-printed chip using ABS was
made from Profi3Dmaker for bacteria culture,
DNA isolation, and colorimetric detection of mecA
genes, specific to the presence of methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The entire chip
was placed in a thermostatic box for maintaining
a homogenous magnetic field and facilitating
non-crosslinking aggregation of nanoparticle

90 SLA SLS International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 4